This review systematically introduces the functional connections among cardiovascular centers from spinal cord to cortex, and the mechanisms underlying pressor or depressor response of these cardiovascular centers, including the pathways, transmitters and receptors involved. The pressor or depressor response of these cardiovascular centers is mainly mediated by RVLM-sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve system.
Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Central Nervous System ; physiology ; Cerebral Cortex ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypothalamus ; physiology ; Medulla Oblongata ; physiology ; Spinal Cord ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo determine the effect of the area postrema (AP) of the medulla oblongata on gastrointestinal interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC) and the plasma motilin level.

METHODSInterdigestive MMC activities of the antrum and duodenum were recorded by strain gauge implanted on the serosa of 8 conscious dogs. A cannula was intubated in femoral vein for motilin injection. The plasma motilin concentration was measured by RIA. We observed: (1) normal interdigestive MMC activity and fluctuations in plasma motilin concentration; (2) the effects of electrically damaging the AP on MMC activity and plasma motilin level; (3) whether intravenous injection of motilin could induce phase III contractions after the AP was destroyed.

RESULTS(1) Typical interdigestive MMC with phase I, II, III, and IV was recorded in normal dogs. Phase III was concurrent with the peak of plasma motilin level. (2) In damaged AP dogs, antroduodenal interdigestive MMC contractions were suppressed; cyclic, phasic and migratory pattern of MMC was disrupted. Plasma motilin concentration was decreased. Intravenous injection of motilin could not induce phase III contractions.

CONCLUSIONSThe area postrema might play an important role, which is mediated by motilin, on the regulation of interdigestive MMC.

Animals ; Dogs ; Fourth Ventricle ; physiology ; Medulla Oblongata ; physiology ; Motilin ; blood ; Myoelectric Complex, Migrating ; physiology ; Stomach ; physiology

Blood Vessels ; physiology ; Humans ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; physiology

Wound biotherapy, represented by platelet concentrate derivatives, has attracted much attention. However, there are some different viewpoints due to the disunity of quality control of preparation, the ways of use, and so on. The members of the consensus writing group reviewed a large number of literatures, screened out high-quality evidence references, combined with the repeated discussion of experts in the field of wound repair to form a guiding consensus of experts, so as to guide medical personnel using enriched platelet treatment scientifically and standardly in wound repair.
Blood Platelets/physiology* ; Consensus ; Humans ; Wound Healing/physiology*

OBJECTIVETo explore the expression and significance of the adhesion molecules CD62P and CD44 in the peripheral blood of infants with bronchiolitis.

METHODSThirty-three infants with bronchiolitis in the acute phase and 19 infants with bronchiolitis in the recovery phase, who were hospitalized between November 2014 and May 2015, were enrolled. Thirty infants with bronchopneumonia and 26 infants without infection were enrolled as the bronchopneumonia group and the control group, respectively. The CD62P expression in the peripheral blood of each group was measured by flow cytometry, and the CD44 level in serum was determined using ELISA.

RESULTSThe levels of the adhesion molecules CD62P and CD44 in the bronchiolitis group in the acute phase were significantly higher than those in the bronchiolitis group in the recovery phase, the bronchopneumonia group, and the control group (P<0.05). The levels of the adhesion molecules CD62P and CD44 in the bronchiolitis group in the recovery phase were also significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). In the bronchiolitis group in the acute phase, there was a positive correlation between CD62P expression and serum CD44 level (r=0.91; P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe adhesion molecules CD62P and CD44 play an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis, and their levels can reflect the severity of inflammatory response in infants with bronchiolitis.

Bronchiolitis ; blood ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hyaluronan Receptors ; blood ; physiology ; Infant ; Male ; P-Selectin ; blood ; physiology

AIMTo investigate whether if the Habenula is the main relay involved in the vasopressor effect induced by the stimulus of insular cortex, central-, lateral amygdaloid nucleus respectively.

METHODSElectrostimulation of the nuclei mention above respectively, and microinjection of lidocaine into Habenula unilaterally and bilaterally.

RESULTSWhen INS or CeA was stimulated, inducing an obvious increase of blood pressure. To stimulate INS or CeA after microinjecting lidocaine into Hb 5 minutes, the amplitudes of the vasopressor responses were decreased significantly, and the decrease of the bilaterally was larger (decreased value: 41.7% in INS, 46.1% in CeA) than that of unilaterally (decreased value: 36.9% in INS, 39.6% in CeA).

CONCLUSIONHabenula is one of the main relays involved in the vasopressor effects induced by the stimulus of insular cortex, central-, lateral amygdaloid nucleus.

Amygdala ; physiology ; Animals ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Cerebral Cortex ; physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Habenula ; physiology ; Neural Pathways ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

To study the blood flow parameters for 2 anatomical segments of posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in normal singleton fetal.
 Methods: The blood flow velocity parameters peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), time-average maximum velocity (TAMAXV), velocity time integral (VTI) and resistance parameters systolic peak velocity and end diastolic velocity ratio (S/D), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) for 2 anatomical segments in PCA were recorded. The first segment of the PCA (PCAS1) was recorded between the origin of PCA and the proximal part of the posterior communicating artery. The second segment of the PCA (PCAS2) was recorded at the distal part of the posterior communicating artery. The blood parameters in both PCAS1 and PCAS2 were analyzed by using Pearson correlation and multiple curves fitting with gestational age (GA). Paired student's t test was performed to compare the difference in blood parameter between PCAS1 and PCAS2.
 Results: The blood flow velocity parameters in both PCAS1 and PCAS2 were increased with the GA (P<0.0001), with the best fitted curves of Quadratic curve (P<0.0001). There were no correlations between resistance parameters in PCA and GA (P>0.05). Resistance parameters in PCAS1 were higher than those in PCAS2 (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: The blood flow velocity parameters in both PCAS1 and PCAS2 are increased with GA. The resistance parameters in both PCAS1 and PCAS2 do not change with GA. Study on the velocities and resistance in these 3 arterial branches provides a more comprehensive evaluation on the process of brain circulation.
Blood Flow Velocity ; physiology ; Diastole ; physiology ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Hemodynamics ; physiology ; Humans ; Posterior Cerebral Artery ; physiology ; Pregnancy ; Systole ; physiology

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a crucial region involved in maintaining homeostasis through the regulation of cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and other functions. The PVN provides a dominant source of excitatory drive to the sympathetic outflow through innervation of the brainstem and spinal cord in hypertension. We discuss current findings on the role of the PVN in the regulation of sympathetic output in both normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The PVN seems to play a major role in generating the elevated sympathetic vasomotor activity that is characteristic of multiple forms of hypertension, including primary hypertension in humans. Recent studies in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model have revealed an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs to PVN pre-sympathetic neurons as indicated by impaired inhibitory and enhanced excitatory synaptic inputs in hypertension. This imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs in the PVN forms the basis for elevated sympathetic outflow in hypertension. In this review, we discuss the disruption of balance between glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs and the associated cellular and molecular alterations as mechanisms underlying the hyperactivity of PVN pre-sympathetic neurons in hypertension.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; physiopathology ; Hypothalamus ; physiology ; Neurons ; physiology ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo examine the number and function of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in children with cyanotic congenital heart diseases (CHD) and study their correlation with serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1).

METHODSFifteen children with tetralogy of Fallot (cyanotic group) and 15 age-and sex-matched children with ventricular septal defect (control group) were enrolled. Serum levels of VEGF and SDF-1 were measured using ELISA. Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation and cultured in vitro. EPCs were identified by immunofluorescence and were counted under a microscope. Modified Boyden chamber assay and the MTT assay were used to measure the migration and proliferation capacities of EPCs. EPCs adhesion ability assay was performed by replating cells on fibronectin-coated dishes, and then adherent cells were counted. The correlations of serum levels of VEGF and SDF-1 with the number and function of circulating EPCs were assessed by linear regression analysis.

RESULTSSerum levels of VEGF (201.42+/-44.74 ng/L vs 113.56+/-35.62 ng/L; P<0.05) and SDF-1 (3.45+/-1.07 ng/L vs 1.05+/-0.99 ng/L; P<0.05) in the cyanotic group were higher than those in the control group. There was a positive correlation between serum levels of VEGF and SDF-1(r=0.675, P<0.01). The number of EPCs (*200 field) in the cyanotic group significantly increased compared with that of the control group (72.2+/-9.73 vs 51.2+/-3.83; P<0.01). The functional activities of EPCs, including proliferation, migration and adhesion capacities, were augmented in the cyanotic group compared with those in the control group. The increased number and function of EPCs and the increased serum levels of VEGF and SDF-1 were consistent in the cyanotic group, with a correlation coefficient of 0.8395, 0.5491, 0.6376 and 0.7392 respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe number and functional activity of EPCs as well as serum levels of VEGF and SDF-1 increased in children with cyanotic CHD. Serum levels of VEGF and SDF-1 were correlated to the number and functional activity of EPCs. Serum VEGF and SDF-1 together with circulating EPCs may play important roles in the pathology and physiology in these patients.

Chemokine CXCL12 ; blood ; physiology ; Cyanosis ; blood ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; physiology ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; blood ; Humans ; Stem Cells ; physiology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; blood ; physiology

Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Humans ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A