Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Reproduction ; physiology ; Social Behavior ; Tupaiidae ; physiology

Animals ; Aedes/physiology* ; Hot Temperature ; Feeding Behavior ; Behavior, Animal/physiology*

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide. Up to one thousand potential drugs or interventions have been developed to treat stroke, out of which ~160 have gone on to clinical trials. However, none of them has been successful. New insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of ischemia-induced injury are needed for discovering new therapeutic targets. Recently, Drosophila has been used to uncover new hypoxia-related genes. In this study, we describe an efficient and reliable assay with a sophisticated apparatus for studying the effects of oxygen deprivation on flies. Using this assay, wild-type flies were exposed to an anoxic environment for varying lengths of time, then the cumulative death rate and mobility recovery were systematically analyzed. We found that anoxia for over one hour caused lethality. The cumulative death rate on day 5 after anoxia was linearly and positively correlated with the duration of anoxia, and reached 50% when the duration was 2.5 h-3 h. We also found that the mobility recovery in normoxia was slow, as the climbing ability remained largely unchanged 4 h-6 h after 2.5-h of anoxia. We suggest that 2.5 h-3 h of anoxia and 4 h-6 h of recovery before mobility analysis are appropriate for future use of the anoxia assay.
Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Hypoxia

From the view of macroscopic animal ethology combined with computer and modem image processing technique, by monitoring the temperature tropism of animal affected by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with different Cold and Hot natures and obtaining many behavior parameters which were difficult to assess in direct observation, the differences between the Cold and Hot nature of TCM were evaluated and presented. This method could real-time, intuitively and objectively, qualitatively and quantitatively monitor the temperature tropism of experimental animals with no disturbance. Further, the Cold and Hot nature of TCM can be expressed from the whole animal level. This method met to the application peculiarity of TCM and suited for the TCM theoretical system. It is a attempt for the study of drug nature of TCM. It also contributed to elucidate the objective authenticity and scientific connotation of Cold and Hot nature of TCM, and express the inherent connection of this nature and the temperature tropism of animal. In this review, a new point and technology platform was provided for establishing an objective method for evaluating the Cold and Hot nature of TCM, which are corresponding with the feature of the application of TCM.
Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Cold Temperature ; Hot Temperature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

RF-amide related peptide (RFRP) is the orthologue of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in mammals. The bodies of RFRP cell are located in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) and the fibers project to preoptic area (POA) and median eminence of the hypothalamus. Its receptor mainly distributes in hypothalamus. RFRP fibers project to GnRH cells to regulate mammalian reproduction axis. This paper reviews the progress of current researches on RFRP in regulation of animal behaviors, including reproduction, food intake, anxiety and stress response.
Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; physiology ; Mammals ; physiology ; Neuropeptides ; physiology ; Reproduction ; physiology

Synthetic cathinones are a class of new psychoactive substances with a structure similar to amphetamine drugs, which can produce excitatory effects similar to drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine after being taken. In recent years, the abuse of synthetic cathinones worldwide has become increasingly serious, posing a serious threat to social security and public health. This article focuses on several common synthetic cathinones, collects their research results in animal autonomous activity experiments and drug dependence model experiments and summarizes their relevant experimental conclusions in animal body temperature regulation, learning and memory, and anxiety, in order to provide data reference and method guidance for the domestic development of related drug research.
Alkaloids/pharmacology* ; Amphetamine ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Illicit Drugs

OBJECTIVETo establish social stress induced depression-like model in mice of C57BL/6 strain, and to assess its reliability using differenf behavioral methods.

METHODSTotally 20 male mice of C57BL/6 strain were divided into the normal group and the stress model group by random digit table,10 in each group. Another 10 CD1 mice were subjected to social stress. Mice in the normal control group received no stress, while those in the model group received social stress for 10 successive days. Behavioral assessment was performed using social interaction test (SIT), the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, tail suspension test (TST), respectively. Serum cortisol level was detected by ELISA to assess the reliability of the model.

RESULTSIn the social interaction test when the social target (CDI mice) was inexistent, mice in the normal control group spent longer time in the social interaction zone and less time in the corner zone (P < 0.05); mice in the model group spent less time in the social interaction zone and more time in the corner zone (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal group when CDI mice existed, mice in the model group spent less time in the social interaction zone and more time in the corner zone (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the total times for entry into open arms, close arms, and the maze were obviously reduced (P < 0.05), and the proportion of entering open arms was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the model group. In TST, the motionless time within the last 4 mm was prolonged in the model group (P < 0.05). The serum cortisol level in the model group was obviously elevated (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSocial stress induced depression-like animal model in mice of C57BL/6 straineasquite reliable and possibly suitable to be used in integrative medicine research of combination of disease and syndrome model.

Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Depression ; physiopathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hydrocortisone ; blood ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Social Behavior ; Stress, Psychological

Animal pain models are essential for understanding the mechanism of pain and development of effective therapy for its management. Various animal pain models have been developed to simulate the clinical pain conditions with assorted etiology. Research into the connectivity of systems, as in single unit activity or anatomical tract tracing studies, can define linkages, but the behavioral relevance of these linkages to pain or nociception can only be assessed in the context of the intact and unanesthetized organism. A systematic study of behavior in well-defined paradigms can provide insights that are not obvious in the complexity of human behavior. Such mechanistic dissection in animal models can reveal elements that are important components to the overall pain behavior. Development of these animal pain models has contributed enormously in understanding the pain and underlying peripheral as well as central pathogenic mechanisms. Research has resulted in the development of new therapeutic agents for pain management, and the preclinical data acquired with these animal pain models have been consecutively applied to effective pain management in clinical fields. The present review will briefly introduce the methodology, and characteristics of various animal pain models.
Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; Models, Theoretical ; Nociception ; Pain Management

OBJECTIVETo study on the method for establishing the Qi stagnation and blood stasis rat model and analyze the affecting factors.

METHODThe orthogonal design was adopted to study the influences of joint stimulations including noise, light, electricity, ice water bath, tail-clamping on model rats. The 'flying spot' method was used to dynamically simulate blood flow velocity in microcirculation. the pressure sensing technology of MOTO was adopted to detect hemorheology-related indicators. And the coagulation method was used to detect blood coagulation-related indicators.

RESULTCompared with the negative control group, all model groups showed significant reduction in the blood flow velocity in mesenteric microcirculation and increase in the whole blood viscosity at high, medium and low shear rate, the plasma viscosity and the fibrinogen content in four blood coagulation indicators.

CONCLUSIONNoise, light, electricity, tail-clamping, bondage and icewater-bath make significant impact on model rats.

Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; physiology ; Blood Circulation ; Female ; Male ; Microcirculation ; physiology ; Models, Animal ; Phenotype ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo establish a social defeat stress model for simulating the human mental disease, thus laying a foundation for in-depth laboratory research on depression.

METHODSEight C57BL/6J mice (abbreviated as C57 mice) were recruited as the stress group. They were subject to psychological stress of social defeat for 10 successive days. Besides, another 8 C57 mice were selected as the normal control group (receiving no stress). The Noldus Ethovision was used to evaluate the depressive behavior of mice. The date was acquired in the case of with or without aggressive CD-1 mice in the social defeat open field (SDOF), and it included the two groups of mice's trajectory in the SDOF and the first time of the two groups of mice's entry into the interactive area of the SDOF, the residence time of the two groups of mice in the interactive area of the SDOF, the first time of the two groups of mice's entry into the corner areas of the SDOF and the residence time of the two groups of mice in the corner areas of the SDOF. All data were used to analyze the changes in the behavior of the C57, mice, thus inferring the psychological changes of C57 mice.

RESULTSThe mice in the social stress group showed significant behavioral differences when compared with the normal control group. Their trajectories in the interactive area of the SDOF were significantly reduced. The trajectories of the mice in the social stress group were mainly distributed in the corner areas of the SDOF and its surrounding area within the smaller range. The residence time of mice in the social stress group in the interactive area of the SDOF was shortened (P < 0.05). The first time for the mice in the social stress group to enter the interactive area of the SDOF was extended (P < 0.05). Their residence time in the corner areas of the SDOF was shortened (P < 0.05). The first time for mice in the social stress group to enter the corner areas of the SDOF was extended (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAn animal model of depressive behavior can be established by social defeat stress, which was consistent with human depression.

Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Depression ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Stress, Psychological