OBJECTIVE: To investigate a new noninvasive diagnostic model for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) based on features of tongue images. METHODS: Healthy controls and volunteers confirmed to have NAFLD by liver ultrasound were recruited from China-Japan Friendship Hospital between September 2018 and May 2019, then the anthropometric indexes and sampled tongue images were measured. The tongue images were labeled by features, based on a brief protocol, without knowing any other clinical data, after a series of corrections and data cleaning. The algorithm was trained on images using labels and several anthropometric indexes for inputs, utilizing machine learning technology. Finally, a logistic regression algorithm and a decision tree model were constructed as 2 diagnostic models for NAFLD. RESULTS: A total of 720 subjects were enrolled in this study, including 432 patients with NAFLD and 288 healthy volunteers. Of them, 482 were randomly allocated into the training set and 238 into the validation set. The diagnostic model based on logistic regression exhibited excellent performance: in validation set, it achieved an accuracy of 86.98%, sensitivity of 91.43%, and specificity of 80.61%; with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.98]. The decision tree model achieved an accuracy of 81.09%, sensitivity of 91.43%, and specificity of 66.33%; with an AUC of 0.89 (95% CI 0.66-0.92) in validation set. CONCLUSIONS The features of tongue images were associated with NAFLD. Both the 2 diagnostic models, which would be convenient, noninvasive, lightweight, rapid, and inexpensive technical references for early screening, can accurately distinguish NAFLD and are worth further study.
Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnostic imaging* ; Ultrasonography ; Anthropometry ; Algorithms ; China

Objective: To determine a normative value for the nasopharyngeal depth from the anterior nasal spine (ND-ANS) among normal adult Filipinos using Computed Tomography scans. Methods: Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Tertiary National University Hospital. Participants: Of 516 adult patients that underwent facial, neck and temporal bone CT scans in our hospital between January 1 to June 30, 2019, 100 cases were randomized to be included in the study and 91 CT scans were analyzed. Results: The mean nasopharyngeal depth from the anterior nasal spine among Filipino adults is 7.17 ± 0.42. There was a significant difference between sexes with a mean measurement of 7.23 cm ± 0.44 in males and 7.09 ± 0.37 cm in females. There was no statistically significant difference in mean nasopharyngeal depth across age groups. Conclusion A statistically significant difference was observed between sexes in our study sample. Our study provides initial normative values of nasopharyngeal depth among adult Filipinos, and additional studies may use this as a basis for further research.
Nasopharynx ; Adult ; Anthropometry

Background: Access to nutritious food among the nutritionally at risk preschool children remains a challenge even in urban households in the Philippines. Objectives: This study determined if the daily consumption of rice-soy meals for 120 days improved the anthropometric status of preschool children enrolled in selected child development centers in low-income barangay in Taguig City. Specifically, it determined if the proportion of underweight preschool children decreased at endline and if there was an increase in the weight of preschool children at endline. Methodology: The study used the before and after study design. The Dietary Supplementation Program was implemented by the LGU’s day care teachers. An NGO supplied the rice-soy meal packs. The children were fed with different variants of rice-soy meal pack containing 23 essential micronutrients. Anthropometric measurements were taken before and after 120 days. Data were subjected to Mc Nemar’s test to determine changes in the children’s nutritional status. Results: A total of 538 children were enrolled in the DSP. Results of Mc Nemar's test showed that there was a significant improvement in the nutritional status (weight-for-age) of underweight preschool children (p=0.0000001) while the paired t-test showed that the increase in the weight of preschool children after the 120 day-dietary supplementation program was extremely statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion The daily feeding improved the weight of the undernourished children but overweight children maintained their overweight status at endline. The DSP Guidelines should include feeding mechanism for overweight children. The DSP complementary components should also be assessed in improving household food security.
Anthropometry

Virility and sexual pleasure have long been associated with penile size and this, in turn, has typically been linked to some anthropometric measurements, such as foot size or height, leading to various misconceptions from both men and women. Our intention is to estimate penile size parameters in Argentina and evaluate the correlation between penile size and certain anthropometric measurements. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter, and observational study. Male patients who underwent a urological procedure were included in four hospitals located in different regions of the country. Different anthropometric measurements were obtained: height, weight, penile circumference, flaccid and stretched length, and foot length. A total of 800 patients were evaluated. Mean left foot was 26.4 cm. Mean flaccid penile length was 11.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-14) cm, and mean penile circumference was 10.1 (95% CI: 8-12) cm. Finally, mean stretched penis was 15.2 (95% CI: 11-18.5) cm. We can confirm that estimates of the average penile measurements in Argentina are flaccid penis length of 11.4 cm, penile circumference of 10.1 cm, and stretching the penis to the maximum in flaccidity of 15.2 cm. Correlations between flaccid penis length, stretched out, penile circumference, height, weight, and length of the left foot were evaluated, finding low or no correlation between those mentioned, except for flaccid and stretched length.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Prospective Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Anthropometry ; Penis ; Body Height ; Reference Values

OBJECTIVES: Nicotine narrows uterine blood vessels reducing the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus. This study examined the effects of fetal exposure to secondhand smoke on neonatal anthropometry. METHODS: This cross sectional study recruited 128 pregnant women in the third trimester of single pregnancies who had no chronic illness, were not active or ex-smokers, and who were willing to participate in the study. Pregnant women who were exposed to secondhand smoke had umbilical cord blood nicotine concentrations of ≥ 1 ng/mL. Neonatal anthropometry was assessed according to the newborn birth weight and length. The independent t-test was used to determine the neonatal difference in mean birth weight and length between the women who were exposed to secondhand smoke, and those who were not exposed. A multiple linear regression analysis was employed to assess the effect of secondhand smoke exposure on birth weight and birth length, controlling for potential confounding variables (weight gain during pregnancy, body mass index, parity, maternal age, and maternal hemoglobin). RESULTS: There were 35 women exposed to secondhand smoke (nicotine ≥ 1 ng/mL). Neonate birth weight and birth length were lower among mothers who were exposed to secondhand smoke. However, only neonate birth weight was significantly reduced by exposure to secondhand smoke (p = 0.005). The mean birth weight of these neonates was 2,916.5 g ± 327.3 g which was 205.6 g less than in unexposed fetuses. CONCLUSION: Exposure of mothers to secondhand smoke during pregnancy reduces fetal development and neonatal weight.
Anthropometry ; Birth Weight ; Blood Vessels ; Body Mass Index ; Chronic Disease ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; Fetal Development ; Fetus ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Linear Models ; Maternal Age ; Mothers ; Nicotine ; Oxygen ; Parity ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third ; Pregnant Women ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; Umbilical Cord

Mortalities from cardiovascular disease in Korea have decreased markedly over the past three decades. The major cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, however, remain prevalent, and their burden on health is large. The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) planned a cohort study in order to identify novel risk factors and to develop evidence-based prevention strategies of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The CMERC deliberately designed two prospective cohorts, a community-based general population cohort (the CMERC cohort) and its sister cohort (a hospital-based high-risk patient cohort), covering a broad spectrum of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This paper describes the CMERC cohort study of community-dwelling adults aged 30 to 64 years. A total of 8097 adults completed baseline measurement between 2013 and 2018. Baseline measurements assessed socio-demographic factors, medical history, health-related behaviors, psychological health, social network and support, anthropometry, body composition, and resting blood pressure and comprised electrocardiography, carotid artery ultrasonography, fasting blood analysis, and urinalysis. Both active follow-up through an annual telephone survey and a 5-year on-site health examination survey and passive follow-up through secondary data linkage with national databases, such as national death records, have been applied. Researchers interested in collaborative research may contact the corresponding author.
Adult ; Anthropometry ; Blood Pressure ; Body Composition ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Carotid Arteries ; Cohort Studies ; Death Certificates ; Electrocardiography ; Fasting ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; Korea ; Metabolic Diseases ; Mortality ; Prospective Studies ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Siblings ; Telephone ; Ultrasonography ; Urinalysis

Objective: To determine the usability of a smartphone application (ImageMeter) by ENT surgeons for pre-operative photographic analysis of facial angles for rhinoplasty using the USE questionnaire. 

Methods:

Design:           Post-Test Only Non-Experimental Evaluation Study

Setting:           Tertiary Private Training Hospital Outpatient Clinic

Participants: Twenty-five (25) ENT residents and consultants

Results: Of 45 ENT surgeons invited, 25 ENT residents and consultants (16 males, 9 females) aged 28 to 52-years-old (mean age 36 years old) trialed the use of the Image Meter application in measuring the naso-facial, naso-frontal, and naso-labial angles of pre-selected lateral images of 10 volunteers and completed our survey.  The usability of the application was measured using the USE questionnaire, through usefulness (Cronbach ? = 0.99), ease of use (? = 0.85), ease of learning (? = 0.66), and satisfaction (?= 0.69).  On a scale of 1-7, results showed that for the ENT surgeons surveyed, the app was generally useful (M = 6.10, SD = 0.73), easy to use (M = 6.13, SD = 0.63), easy to learn (M = 6.31, SD = 0.62) and satisfactory (M = 6.06, SD = 0.7).  As for overall outcome, the ENT surgeons found the application usable (M = 6.15, SD = 0.11).

Conclusion: When applied to human facial analysis, the ImageMeter measurement of angles feature may be a usable tool for ENT surgeons in the pre-operative evaluation of patients undergoing rhinoplasty.  Based on USE questionnaire responses, it is easy to use, quick to learn, useful, and satisfactory in the preoperative measurement of facial angles. 

Keywords: imageMeter; photography; esthetic; rhinoplasty; face; anthropometry

BACKGROUND: After closed reduction, patients are sometimes concerned that their external nasal shapes have changed. The aim of this study was to investigate and explain changes in nasal shape after surgery through objective photogrammetric anthropometry measurements taken through three-dimensional (3D) reformed computed tomography (CT) images. METHODS: Our study included 100 Korean patients who underwent closed reduction of isolated nasal bone fracture from January 2016 to June 2017. Using the ruler tool in Adobe Photoshop CS3, we measured preoperative and postoperative nasal base heights, long nostril axis lengths, both nasal alar angles, and amount of nasal deviation through the 3D reformation of soft tissue via CT scans. We then compared the dimension of nose. RESULTS: The amount of postoperative correction for nasal base height was 1.192 mm. The differences in nostril length between each side were found to be 0.333 mm preoperatively and 0.323 mm postoperatively. The differences in the nasal alar angle between each side was 1.382° preoperatively and 1.043° postoperatively. The amount of nasal deviation was found to be 5.248 mm preoperatively and 1.024 mm in postoperatively. CONCLUSION: After the reduction of nasal bone fractures, changes in nasal dimensions were noticeable in terms of nasal deviation but less significant in nasal tips, except for changes in nasal alar angles, which were notable.
Anthropometry ; Humans ; Nasal Bone ; Nose ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Nigella sativa (N. sativa) is one of important herbal foods in traditional medicine and many studies have conducted to show the effects of this plant on several diseases. The goal of this study was the evaluation of effects of bread with N. Sativa on clinical parameters such as blood glucose, blood pressure (BP) and anthropometry indices in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). A study as double-blind, cross-over, randomized clinical trial was performed in 51 MetS patients in Chalus, north region of Iran. After dividing of patients randomly in 2 groups, in phase 1, intervention group (A, n = 27) used daily a bread with N. sativa and control group (B, n = 24) used the same bread but without N. sativa for 2 months. After considering of 15 day wash out period, phase 2 was began with changing of position of 2 groups. Measuring of parameters including fasting blood glucose (FBG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) was done before and after of 2 phases. After evaluation of treatment, sequence and time effects of intervention on parameters, it is shown that consumption of this bread has not significant treatment effect (as main effect) on FBG, SBP, DBP, WC, weight, and BMI (p > 0.05). Sequence effect on FBG, weight, WC, and BMI was significant (p < 0.05), but was not on BP. Time effect was only significant for DBP. Consumption of bread with N. sativa in MetS patients has not significant effect on FBG, BP, weight, WC, and BMI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: IRCT2015041821815N1
Anthropometry ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Bread ; Fasting ; Humans ; Iran ; Medicine, Traditional ; Nigella sativa ; Nigella ; Plants ; Waist Circumference

Pediatric malnutrition is an enormous health issue all around the world and its distribution is different in distinct areas of a country. This study has been designed to report the anthropometric status and some socio-economic factors among 2–5 years old children from Golestan province of Iran to show a better view of pediatric health status and better planning for future actions. This study was carried out by clustered-randomized sampling method on 1,382 of 2–5 years old children in urban and rural areas of Golestan province. Anthropometric measurements were performed and World Health Organization child growth standards were used for further analyses. The prevalence of stunting in boys and girls were 7.4% and 7.5% in urban and 4.1% and 5.4% in rural areas. The prevalence of underweight in boys and girls were 6.9% and 4.7% in urban and 5.7% and 4.4% in rural areas. The prevalence of subjects being at risk for overweight were 17.8% and 11.7% in boys and girls, respectively, in urban areas and were 11.1% and 9.2% in rural areas, respectively. There was a marginally significant difference between urban boys and girls in terms of weight status (p = 0.067). In this study remarkably high prevalence of malnutrition, especially a high dominance of overweight, was reported in Golestan province of Iran. Follow-up investigation to identify the cause of malnutrition and to establish public health policies are needed to revise these health issues in Golestan province of Iran.
Anthropometry ; Child Nutrition Disorders ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Growth Disorders ; Humans ; Iran ; Malnutrition ; Methods ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Thinness ; World Health Organization