Malnutrition and weight loss after total gastrectomy is one of the major concerns of surgeons. In order to improve the nutritional status in these patients, many surgeons have tried to restore the duodenal passage as reconstructive procedure but debates have been continued. So we investigated weight change, postprandial serum secretin response and fecal fat amount to evaluate the esophagojejunoduodenostomy after which the duodenal passage was restored. Total gastrectomized dogs showed significant weight loss and all experimental animals except sham operation died between five and eight weeks after the operation. Serum secretin concentration after esophagojejunoduodenostomy increased significantly from a mean fasting value of 100 +/- 12.5 pg/mL to a mean peak of 142 +/- 22.5 pg/mL at 40 minutes and returned to the fasting level at 120 minutes postprandially. But fasting and postprandial serum secretin concentration in patients following Roux-en Y esophagojejunostomy were fluctuated irregularly. The amount of fecal fat in esophagojejunoduodenostomy was 5.3 +/- 1.2 gm/100 gm stool, which was not different from that of the control group but in Roux-en Y esophagojejunostomy it was 28.1 +/- 4.1 gm/100 gm stool which was much higher than that observed in esophagojejunoduodenostomy and in control group. These results suggest that esophagojejunoduodenostomy is superior to Roux-en Y esophagojejunostomy in respect to pancreatic secretory function and fat absorption.
Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y ; Animal ; *Animal Nutrition ; Dogs ; Duodenostomy ; Esophagostomy ; *Gastrectomy ; Jejunostomy ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of intrajejunal nutrition on uptake of amino acid and enzyme-protein synthesis in pancreatic acinar cell and subcellular fractionation and zymogen granules in dogs with acute pancreatitis.

METHODSFifteen dogs were induced acute pancreatitis by retrograde injection of 5% sodium-taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. Radioactive tracing and electron microscope were used to evaluate the change of amino acid uptake, enzyme-protein synthesis in acinar cell, subcellular fractionation, the quantitative analysis of mean zymogen granule number and mean zymogen granule area after injection L-(3)H-phenylalanine 30, 60, 120 1nd 180 min on the 7(th) day.

RESULTSThe radioactivity of L-(3)H phenylalanine uptake by pancreatic acinar cells and incorporations of L-(3)H phenylalanine into newly synthesized enzyme-protein peaked at 60 min. In enteral nutrition (EN) group it was higher that that in parenteral nutrition (PN) group (P < 0.05), and then gradually declined. The radioactivity peaked at 60 min in zymogen granule, lysosomal-mitochondria and microsomal subcellular fractionation. The latter two decreased, bat there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). The change of the mean number and mean area of zymogen granules were not significant different between the EN group and PN group (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONEN or PN do not stimulate pancreatic acinar uptake amino acid and enzyme-protein synthesis in acinar cell and subcellular fractionation.

Acute Disease ; Amino Acids ; metabolism ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Enteral Nutrition ; Enzyme Precursors ; biosynthesis ; Female ; Male ; Pancreas, Exocrine ; metabolism ; Pancreatitis ; pathology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Random Allocation ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of ecoimmunonutrition on gut barrier function in rats with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

METHODSRat models of SIRS were established by injecting lipo polysaccharide (LPS) via the tail vein. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. One of the four enteral nutrition formulas (standard EN, immunonutrition, econutrition, ecoimmunonutrition) was given to each group respectively for 7 days. Serum D-lactate, diamine oxidase (DAO), ratio of urinary lactulose to mannitol (L/M) were measured on day 1 before LPS injection (D (-1)) and day 1, 3, 6 after LPS injection (D(+1), D (+3), D (+6)).

RESULTSAfter 7 days of treatment,the level of serum D-lactate in econutrition group was significantly lower than those in standard EN or immunonutrition group (P< 0.05), and the level of serum D-lactate in all above three groups were significantly higher compared with ecoimmunonutrition group (P< 0.01). The level of serum DAO in standard EN group was higher than those in other three groups(P< 0.01). The L/M was increased in all the groups on D(+1), D(+3). It fell back to the basic level on D(+6)) in all the groups.The L/M in immunonutrition group was lower than those in other groups on D (+1) (P< 0.05), and it was higher in standard EN group than those in other groups on D (+3) (P< 0.01).

CONCLUSIONEcoimmunonutrition, a enteral nutrition composed of immune-enhanced nutrient and ecologic, may protect the gut barrier function more effectively in rats with SIRS.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enteral Nutrition ; Glutamine ; blood ; Intestinal Mucosa ; physiopathology ; Lactulose ; blood ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; blood ; physiopathology ; therapy

BACKGROUND: Many studies of the effect of catechins, a major substance in green tea, on sarcopenia have been conducted using animal models or as in vitro experiments, revealing that they increase muscle mass, inhibit proteases, and promote satellite cell proliferation. No study has been conducted targeting human subjects relative to the correlation between green tea and sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between green tea intake and sarcopenia in menopausal women using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2011).METHODS: This study included 3,473 menopausal women after excluding those diagnosed with gastric cancer and other cancers. The frequency of green tea intake was determined based on the Food Frequency Questionnaire, and the value acquired from calibrating the extremity muscle mass measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with weight was used as the muscle mass. Sarcopenia was defined using values less than two standard deviations as cut-offs after determining the mean and standard deviation of the muscle mass in the group of young and healthy women.RESULTS: In menopausal women, the odds ratio of the group drinking a cup or less and two or more cups of green tea to that of the group not drinking green tea was 1.170 (0.891–1.536), and the 95% confidence interval was 1.530 (0.744–3.146). A significant linear trend was not observed in the result (P for trend 0.148).CONCLUSION: There was no significant correlation between green tea intake and sarcopenia in menopausal women in Korea.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Catechin ; Cell Proliferation ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drinking ; Extremities ; Female ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Korea ; Models, Animal ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Peptide Hydrolases ; Sarcopenia ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Tea

The rapid rise in the incidence of obesity has emerged as one of the most pressing global public health issues in recent years. The underlying etiological causes of obesity, whether behavioral, environmental, genetic, or a combination of several of them, have not been completely elucidated. The obesity epidemic has been attributed to the ready availability, abundance, and overconsumption of high-energy content food. We determined here by Pearson's correlation the relationship between food type consumption and rising obesity using the loss-adjusted food availability data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Economic Research Services (ERS) as well as the obesity prevalence data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Our analysis showed that total calorie intake and consumption of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) did not correlate with rising obesity trends. Intake of other major food types, including chicken, dairy fats, salad and cooking oils, and cheese also did not correlate with obesity trends. However, our results surprisingly revealed that consumption of corn products correlated with rising obesity and was independent of gender and race/ethnicity among population dynamics in the U.S. Therefore, we were able to demonstrate a novel link between the consumption of corn products and rising obesity trends that has not been previously attributed to the obesity epidemic. This correlation coincides with the introduction of bioengineered corns into the human food chain, thus raising a new hypothesis that should be tested in molecular and animal models of obesity.
Aluminum Hydroxide ; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ; Callosities ; Carbonates ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Cheese ; Chickens ; Cooking ; Fats ; Food Chain ; Fructose ; Humans ; Incidence ; Models, Animal ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Oils ; Population Dynamics ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; United States Department of Agriculture ; Zea mays

OBJECTIVETo study the resuscitative effect of hypertonic electrolyte glucose solution (HEGS) in enteral resuscitation of burn shock.

METHODSEighteen Beagle dogs with 35% TBSA full-thickness flame injury were used in this study. They were randomized to a control group (no-fluid resuscitation, N group), a HEGS resuscitation group (H group) or an isotonic electrolyte glucose solution (IEGS) resuscitation group (I group). The solution enterally was given for resuscitation from half an hour after burn. The volumes and rates of fluid infusion in the H group were basically in accordance with 2 ml/(kg x 1%TBSA), those in the I group were basically in accordance with parkland formula [4 ml/(kg x 1%TBSA)]. The haemodynamic parameters, global end-diastolic volume index, plasma volume, osmotic pressure of plasma, intestinal absorptive rates of water and Na(+), and intestine mucosa blood flow were continuously assessed.

RESULTSThe cardiac output index, global end-diastolic volume index, plasma volume and intestine blood mucosa flow reduced markedly after burn in the three groups, and then gradually returned from 2 h after burn in two resuscitation groups, which were higher than that in the N group (P < 0.05). The activities of diamine oxidase in plasma in the two resuscitation groups were higher than that in N group (P < 0.05). The intestinal absorption rates of water and Na(+) reduced markedly after burn in two resuscitation groups with the lowest levels, and then returned from 6 h after burn. The rates of water in H group were lower than that in I group (P < 0.05); the rates of Na(+) in H group were higher than in I group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe results indicated that 35%TBSA III degrees burn-injury dogs be resuscitated effectively with 1.8% hypertonic electrolyte-glucose solution by enteral, which 1/2 volume of an isotonic electrolyte glucose solution.

Animals ; Burns ; therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Enteral Nutrition ; Fluid Therapy ; methods ; Glucose Solution, Hypertonic ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Random Allocation ; Resuscitation ; methods ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo investigate the impact of intestinal lymphatic vessels ligation and different enteral nutrition support during ischemia/reperfusion on intestinal permeability, systemic inflammatory response and pulmonary dysfunction in a rat model.

METHODSSeventy-two Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomized into normal diet group, regular enteral nutrition group, glutamine-enriched group, 0-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (wo-3PUFA) group, and sham control after gastrostomy. All the enteral nutrition group were isocaloric (1046 kJ kg-' d-1) and isonitrogenous (1.8 g N kg-' d-'). After enteral nutrition for 7 days, the rats were subjected to intestinal ischemia for 60 min, or ischemia plus mesenteric lymph duct ligation except for the sham group followed by 3 days of nutrition (72 h). Intestinal permeability (lactose/mannitol ratio in the urine, L/M) was determined on the 5th, 7th and 9th day after gastrostomy. The levels of serum diamine oxidase, endotoxin, cytokines, ALT and AST were detected at the 11th day after gastrostomy. Mucosal thickness was measured using small intestine and villusheight. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), NO synthase, and apoptotic index were detected in lung tissue.

RESULTSIschemia for 60 min could cause intestinal injury. Intestinal permeability(L/M)was increased significantly in every group on the first day after ischemia (P<0.05). However, L/M decreased significantly 3 days after ischemia (P<0.05). The groups with Glu and o-3PUFA-enriched nutrition almost restored to normal level (P>0.05). The level of L/M in lymphatic ligation group was significantly lower than non-ligation group (P<0.05). The levels of endotoxin and cytokine were reduced, mucosal thickness and villous height were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the groups of Glu and o-3PUFA-enriched nutrition compared with enteral nutrition and normal diet groups during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. MPO, NO, NOS and the apoptosis index of lung tissue decreased in the groups of Glu and o-3PUFA-enriched as well as after lymph duct ligation (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe distant tissue-lung damage and systemic inflammation caused by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury may be related to some factors in the intestinal lymph. Blocking the gut-lymph pathway and/or adding Glu and o-3PUFA in enteral nutrition may reduce intestinal permeability and endotoxin, increase mucosal thickness, attenuate the systemic inflammatory reaction, and prevent lung injury

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enteral Nutrition ; methods ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; pharmacology ; Glutamine ; pharmacology ; Intestines ; blood supply ; physiopathology ; Ligation ; Lung ; pathology ; Lymphatic Vessels ; Male ; Permeability ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology ; physiopathology ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of enteral immunonutrition or enteral nutrition combined with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on inflammatory response in rats with severe scald.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-eight SD rats were inflicted with 30% TBSA full-thickness scald, then they were divided into enteral nutrition (EN), enteral immunonutrition (EIN), EN combined with rhGH (EN + rhGH) and EIN combined with rhGH (EIN + rhGH) groups according to random number table. The serum levels of endotoxin, IL-6 and TNF-alpha as well as the expression of CD14 and TNF-alpha mRNA in liver were determined on the 1, 4, 7, 10 post scald day (PSD). Eight normal SD rats served as control, and above indices were also examined in this group (C group).

RESULTSThe levels of endotoxin, IL-6 and TNF-alpha as well as the expression of CD14mRNA, TNF-alphamRNA in EN, EIN, EN + rhGH, EIN + rhGH groups were remarkably higher than those of C group at each time point. The levels of endotoxin, IL-6 and TNF-alpha as well as the expression of CD14 mRNA, TNF-alpha mRNA in EIN and EN + rhGH groups were lowered significantly on 4, 7 and 10 PSD compared with those of EN group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The levels of endotoxin (0.37 +/- 0.07 EU/mL), IL-6 (289 +/- 49 ng/L) and TNF-alpha (1.87 +/- 0.32 microg/L) as well as the expression of CD14 mRNA (0.39 +/- 0.05), TNF-alpha mRNA (0.47 +/- 0.03) in EIN + rhGH group were also obviously lower than those [(0.48 +/- 0.08) EU/mL, (364 +/- 53) ng/L, (2.50 +/- 0.48) microg/L, 0.67 +/- 0.06, 0.66 +/- 0.05, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01, respectively] in EIN group on 10 PSD (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONEnteral immunonutrition combined with rhGH can ameliorate inflammatory response, in which rhGH has a collaborative effect.

Animals ; Burns ; blood ; therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endotoxins ; blood ; Enteral Nutrition ; methods ; Human Growth Hormone ; therapeutic use ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors ; blood ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

OBJECTIVETo explore the influence of different nutritional support routes on the intestinal mucosal epithelial cell cycle in burned rats.

METHODSSixty-six Wistar rats inflicted with 30% TBSA III degree burns on the back were employed as the model and were randomly divided into enteral feeding group (EF) and intravenously parenteral nutrition group (PN). Equal volume of nutritional support fluid containing predetermined equal amount of calories and nitrogen was applied via feeding or intravenously infusion through external jugular vein. The indices were observed on 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 postburn hours (PBHs) with the reference to those in 6 normal rats. The intestinal epithelial cell cycle in jejunal and ileal mucous membrane was analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blotting method was employed in the examination of the expression of cyclin D1, E and that of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)2 and CDK4.

RESULTS(1) lntestinal mucosal epithelial G0/G1 ratio in jejunum in EF group was significantly lower than that in PN group at 72 PBHs (P < 0.05). While the ratio in ileum in EF was obviously higher than that in PN groups at 6, 12, 48 and 72 PBHs (P < 0.05). (2) The cell percentage of S phase in EF group was evidently higher than that in PN group (P < 0.05 - 0.01) at 48 and 72 PBHs. (3) Intestinal mucosal cyclin D1 expression increased significantly in EF group at 24 PBHs and in PN group at 48 PBHs (P < 0.05) and which in EF group was obviously higher than that in PN group at 72 PBHs (P < 0.05). (4) The expression of the intestinal mucosal cyclin E in EF group at 72 PBHs was evidently higher than the control value and that in PN group (P < 0.05). (5) The expression of CDK2 exhibited no obvious difference among PN,EF and control group (P < 0.05). The CDK4 expression in EF group increased obviously at 72 PBHs (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONEarly postburn enteral feeding was beneficial to the progression of intestinal mucosal epithelial cell cycle and to the repairing and renovation of injured intestinal mucosal membrane. Cyclin and CDK might be important in the modulation of the intestinal mucosal epithelial cell cycle.

Animals ; Burns ; metabolism ; pathology ; CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; Cell Cycle ; physiology ; Cyclin D1 ; metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enteral Nutrition ; Female ; G1 Phase ; physiology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Resting Phase, Cell Cycle ; physiology ; S Phase ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of three traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) such as Amomi Fructus Rotundus, Perillae Folium and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix on lung-yang deficiency rats induced by compound factors.

METHODLung-yang deficiency rats were established with three-factor combination, such as smoking (exogenous evil effect on lung), swimming in common and ice water (cold body and exhaustoin) and drinking ice water (inhale cold). Meanwhile, rats were given water extracts of the three TCM by intragastric administration for 24 days everyday. Indexes such as general behavior, weight, rectal temperature, back temperature and grip strength were observed. Blood was collected to determine NO, IgG in blood serum. Lung and heart were dissected to measure organs index.

RESULTThe water extracts of Amomi Fructrs Rotundus, Perillae Folium and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix could markedly heighten weight, back temperature, grip strength, content of IgG in blood serum, reduce content of NO in blood serum, lung index and heart index. The water extracts of Amomi Fructrs Rotundus and Perillae Folium could heighten rectal temperature.

CONCLUSIONAmomi Fructrs Rotundus, Perillae Folium and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix were TCM with pungent-flavor, warm-nature and meridian tropism in lung, which could improve the symptoms of physique emaciation, aversion to cold of the back, weary and acratia and so on. It provides an important reference for the regularity of the properties theories about pungent-flavor, warm-nature and meridian tropism in lung.

Amomum ; chemistry ; Angelica ; chemistry ; Animals ; Body Temperature ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Enteral Nutrition ; Female ; Heart ; drug effects ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Lung ; drug effects ; pathology ; Male ; Meridians ; Nitric Oxide ; blood ; Perilla ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; administration & dosage ; Rats ; Yang Deficiency ; drug therapy ; pathology