during bone harvesting from the chin.
Anatomic Variation* ; Chin*

Differentiation of normal from abnormal findings is critical in echocardiography. Anatomic variants occurring in normal cardiac developments often simulate pathologic entities. This review focuses on the differential diagnosis of normal anatomic structures from pathologic ones in echocardiography.
Anatomic Variation ; Diagnosis, Differential* ; Echocardiography*

The term concha bullosa describes aerated turbinate and it is most common on middle turbinate. Symptoms of concha bullosa depends on the amount of pneumatization and location. Concha bullosa without symptoms does not need surgical treatment, however, surgical treatment is indicated when it causes nasal obstruction. There are many reports of concha bullosa because it is a common anatomic variation. Despite many reports of concha bullosa, there is no definite statistics on the size of concha bullosa, and there has been no reports on what its largest size is. This report deals with a giant concha bullosa of middle trubinate of 4.5 cm in length, 2.2 cm in width size causing complete nasal obstruction.
Anatomic Variation ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Obstruction ; Turbinates

OBJECTIVE: To compare the spinal enumeration methods that establish the first lumbar vertebra in patients with spinal variants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 1446 consecutive patients who had undergone computed tomography of the spine from March 2012 to July 2016, 100 patients (62 men, 38 women; mean age, 47.9 years; age range, 19–88 years) with spinal variants were included. Two radiologists (readers 1 and 2) established the first lumbar vertebra through morphologic analysis of the thoracolumbar junction, and labeled the vertebra by counting in a cranial-to-caudal manner. Inter-observer agreement was established. Additionally, reader 1 detected the 20th vertebra under the assumption that there are 12 thoracic vertebra, and then classified it as a thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebra, or thoracolumbar transitional vertebra (TLTV), on the basis of morphologic analysis. RESULTS: The first lumbar vertebra, as established by morphologic analysis, was labeled by each reader as the 21st segment in 65.0% of the patients, as the 20th segment in 31.0%, and as the 19th segment in 4.0%. Inter-observer agreement between the two readers in determining the first lumbar vertebra, based on morphologic analysis, was nearly perfect (κ value: 1.00). The 20th vertebra was morphologically classified as a TLTV in 60.0% of the patients, as the first lumbar segment in 31.0%, as the second lumbar segment in 4.0%, and as a thoracic segment in 5.0%. CONCLUSION: The establishment of the first lumbar vertebra using morphologic characteristics of the thoracolumbar junction in patients with spinal variants was consistent with the morphologic traits of vertebral segmentation.
Anatomic Variation ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Spine

Variations in the course and distribution of common palmar digital nerves and arteries are rare. A classic common palmar digital nerves and arteries are defined as concomitant. During routine dissection classes to undergraduate medical students we observed formation of each common palmar digital nerve divided into 2 or 3 branches and formed a ring enclosing the corresponding common palmar digital artery. Knowledge of the anatomical variations of the common palmar digital nerves and arteries is crucial for safe and successful hand surgery.
Anatomic Variation* ; Arteries* ; Hand ; Humans ; Students, Medical

In general, the long head of the biceps brachii originates from the superior glenoid labrum and the supraglenoid tubercle, crosses the rotator cuff interval, and extends into the bicipital groove. However, rare anatomic variations of the origins of the long head have been reported in the past. In this report, we review the clinical history, radiologic findings, and arthroscopic identifications of 3 anatomic variants of the biceps tendon long head. As the detection of long head of biceps tendon pathology during preoperative radiologic assessment can be difficult without prior knowledge, surgeons should be aware of such possible anatomic variations.
Anatomic Variation ; Head* ; Pathology ; Rotator Cuff ; Shoulder ; Tendons

Portal vein branching anomaly occurs due to aberration of normal anastomotic patterns and involution of vitelline veins during development of portal vein. Anatomical knowledge of portal vein and its branching pattern is important for hepatobiliary surgeon and gastrointestinal intervention radiologist. We are reporting a case of absence of portal vein bifurcation showing single main intrahepatic portal vein with gradual decreasing caliber distally, in a young female patient on contrast-enhanced computed tomography study of abdomen. Few cases of absence of portal bifurcation have been reported in literature so far.
Abdomen ; Anatomic Variation ; Female ; Humans ; Portal Vein* ; Veins ; Vitellins

PURPOSE: The lessor saphenous vein is an anatomical index in various surgical methods involving an approach to the popliteal fossa. However, occasionally, there have been some cases where the surgical process was difficult because the lessor saphenous vein was not found in the popliteal fossa during the operation process. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of the anatomical variation of lessor saphenous vein not found in the popliteal fossa with a review of the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 83 cases of selective neurectomy for hypertrophic calf performed in our clinic from March 1997 to June 2013. There were 42 patients, with a mean age of 32.8 years old. We confirmed the existence of the lessor saphenous vein in the popliteal fossa during the operation process. RESULTS: Among 83 cases during this study period, the lesser saphenous vein was not found in four cases. In one patient, no lesser saphenous vein was found on either side of the popliteal fossa, and in two patients, no lesser saphenous vein was found on the left side of the popliteal fossa. As a result, the frequency of variation was found to be 4.8%. CONCLUSION: Due to the anatomical variation of the lessor saphenous vein, it may not be found in the midline of the popliteal fossa. Based on the literature review, several possibilities for failure to observe the lesser saphenous vein could be suggested. If surgeons are well aware of these possibilities, the steadier operation could be performed.
Anatomic Variation ; Humans ; Methods ; Popliteal Vein ; Saphenous Vein*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to detect the anterior loop of the mental nerve and the mandibular incisive canal in panoramic radiographs (PAN) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, as well as to determine the anterior/mesial extension of these structures in panoramic and cross-sectional reconstructions using PAN and CBCT images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Images (both PAN and CBCT) from 90 patients were evaluated by 2 independent observers. Detection of the anterior loop and the incisive canal were compared between PAN and CBCT. The anterior/mesial extension of these structures was compared between PAN and both cross-sectional and panoramic CBCT reconstructions. RESULTS: In CBCT, the anterior loop and the incisive canal were observed in 7.7% and 24.4% of the hemimandibles, respectively. In PAN, the anterior loop and the incisive canal were detected in 15% and 5.5% of cases, respectively. PAN presented more difficulties in the visualization of structures. The anterior/mesial extensions ranged from 0.0 mm to 19.0 mm on CBCT. PAN underestimated the measurements by approximately 2.0 mm. CONCLUSION: CBCT appears to be a more reliable imaging modality than PAN for preoperative workups of the anterior mandible. Individual variations in the anterior/mesial extensions of the anterior loop of the mental nerve and the mandibular incisive canal mean that is not prudent to rely on a general safe zone for implant placement or bone surgery in the interforaminal region.
Anatomic Variation ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Humans ; Mandible ; Radiography, Panoramic

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Middle turbinate pneumatization (MTP; concha bullosa) is a common anatomic variation, and superior turbinate pneumatization (STP) was also described. However, there has been little study of the STP and its clinical significance. In this study, we tried to determine the prevalence of STP. We also evaluated whether STP correlates with MTP, inflammation of posterior ethmoid or sphenoid sinus. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Patients with sinonasal symptoms and for whom paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNS CT) scans was performed between August 2008 and January 2009 were evaluated. A retrospective review of CT scans of 112 patients (224 sides) was done for STP, MTP and paranasal sinus haziness. RESULTS: We found STP in 37 patients (33%)-bilaterally in 14 and unilaterally in 23 patients, and in 51 out of the 224 sides (22.8%). The prevalence of STP in CT without mucosal hazziness is higher (29%) than that in CT with mucosal hazziness (15%). MTP was found in 70 sides (31.2%). There was no association between the presence of STP and MTP. No correlation was found between STP and posterior ethmoid or sphenoid sinus inflammation. CONCLUSION: STP is a not infrequently found anatomic variation and may not be related with MTP and adjacent sinus inflammation
Anatomic Variation ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Sphenoid Sinus ; Turbinates