In order to improve the clarity of ECG waveforms and the anti-interference ability of ECG acquisition under abnormal conditions, this study proposes a high-definition ECG recording method based on superimposed averaging algorithm. The results show that the proposed method can more clearly reflect the details of the ECG. Meanwhile, it has a significant inhibitory effect on EMG interference. As a result, the proposed method has a positive significance for improving the anti-interference ability of ECG equipment.
Algorithms ; Electrocardiography

The count and recognition of white blood cells in blood smear images play an important role in the diagnosis of blood diseases including leukemia. Traditional manual test results are easily disturbed by many factors. It is necessary to develop an automatic leukocyte analysis system to provide doctors with auxiliary diagnosis, and blood leukocyte segmentation is the basis of automatic analysis. In this paper, we improved the U-Net model and proposed a segmentation algorithm of leukocyte image based on dual path and atrous spatial pyramid pooling. Firstly, the dual path network was introduced into the feature encoder to extract multi-scale leukocyte features, and the atrous spatial pyramid pooling was used to enhance the feature extraction ability of the network. Then the feature decoder composed of convolution and deconvolution was used to restore the segmented target to the original image size to realize the pixel level segmentation of blood leukocytes. Finally, qualitative and quantitative experiments were carried out on three leukocyte data sets to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. The results showed that compared with other representative algorithms, the proposed blood leukocyte segmentation algorithm had better segmentation results, and the mIoU value could reach more than 0.97. It is hoped that the method could be conducive to the automatic auxiliary diagnosis of blood diseases in the future.
Algorithms ; Leukocytes

OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of extended reality (XR) technology in clinical surgeries for improving the success rate of surgeries. METHODS: To assist the surgeons to better understand the location, size and geometric shape of the lesions and reduce potential radiation exposure in minimally invasive surgical navigation based on two-dimensional images, we constructed three-dimensional models based on CT data and used XR technology to achieve intraoperative navigation. An improved quaternion method was used to improve the accuracy of electromagnetic positioning, with which the system error of positioning accuracy was reduced to below 2 mm. A 5G network was used to optimize the server GPU programming algorithm, and real-time video stream coding strategy and network design were adopted to reduce data transmission jam and delay in the remote surgery network, which achieved an average delay of less than 60 ms. A Gaussian distribution deformation model was used to simulate collision detection and stress deformation of the tissues to achieve a tactile perception effect. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The intraoperative navigation system based on XR technology allowed more accurate determination of the location of the lesions, effectively reduced the surgical risk, and avoided the risk of intraoperative radiation exposure. The low latency and high fidelity of 5G network achieved real-time interaction during the surgery to provide a technical basis for multi-terminal remote cooperative surgery. The combination of force feedback technology and XR technology enables the surgeons to conduct deep immersion preoperative planning and virtual surgery to improve the success rate of surgery and shorten the learning curve.
Algorithms ; Technology

Magnetoacoustic tomography (MAT) has some advantages such as high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. The generating mechanism of acoustic source is the research foundation of forward and inverse problems. A coustic signals were respectively simulated by using monopole and dipole radiation theory in the experimental conditions, then the differences between their acoustic pressures were discussed, and furthermore the contrast and validation were conducted by physical experiments in this study. The physical experimental results showed that acoustic waveform of MAT had a certain directivity and therefore they indicated that dipole model showed higher approximation to the real facts than monopole model. It can be well concluded that this research has cardinal significance for the accurate algorithm of MAT.
Acoustics ; Algorithms ; Tomography ; methods

This paper introduces the basic theory and arithmetic of Independent Component Analysis which is a novel technology developed for Blind Source Separation. The Fast ICA arithmetic is applied as an example in analysis and separation of artifacts in clinical multiple channel EEG. The experiment results testify that by using ICA method artifacts in EEG such as EOG and power line interference can be separated and removed effectively.
Algorithms ; Artifacts ; Electroencephalography ; methods

Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are susceptible to be disturbed by 50 Hz power line interference (PLI) in the process of acquisition and conversion. This paper, therefore, proposes a novel PLI removal algorithm based on morphological component analysis (MCA) and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). Firstly, according to the morphological differences in ECG waveform characteristics, the noisy ECG signal was decomposed into the mutated component, the smooth component and the residual component by MCA. Secondly, intrinsic mode functions (IMF) of PLI was filtered. The noise suppression rate (NSR) and the signal distortion ratio (SDR) were used to evaluate the effect of de-noising algorithm. Finally, the ECG signals were re-constructed. Based on the experimental comparison, it was concluded that the proposed algorithm had better filtering functions than the improved Levkov algorithm, because it could not only effectively filter the PLI, but also have smaller SDR value.
Algorithms ; Electrocardiography ; Humans

In this paper we introduce a new algorithm about ST-segment--Triangle way. At the same time, based on analyzing all kinds of algorithms, we have summarized a compositive algorithm used to detect the emulating data. The testing result shows that the algorithm, which is easy to use, has a high speed and a good accuracy.
Algorithms ; Electrocardiography ; methods

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the sensing volume of open-ended coaxial probe technique for measurement of dielectric characteristics. METHODS: A measurement model combining macro- measurement device with a layer model of dielectric properties parameters was established for evaluating the sensing volume of open-ended coaxial probe technique. We defined sensing depth and sensing diameter to describe the distance that could be detected in vertical and horizontal direction. Using a variety of materials with different dielectric properties (Teflon, deionized water, ethanol, and gradient concentration sodium chloride solution), a layered model of dielectric properties differentiation was established. The total combined uncertainties (TCU) were calculated for different output power, and the output power was controlled to increase from -50 dBm to 15 dBm to calibrate the error range of the dielectric properties measurement system. The optimal output power range was determined based on the results of TCU test. In sensing volume measurement experiment, we set the control groups based on measurement parameters that potentially affect the sensing volume including output power (-10, -5, 0, 3, 6, and 9 dBm), frequency (1-500 MHz), Teflon, deionized water, and ethanol to form a dielectric constant difference between high and low contrast groups. Different concentrations of sodium chloride solution and Teflon were used to generate a conductivity difference between high and low contrast groups. These groups were tested in the sensing depth and sensing diameter measurement experiments. RESULTS: The result of TCU test indicated that accurate and stable measurement results could be obtained when the output power was greater or equal to-10 dBm (TCU < 2%). Sensing volume measurement experiment revealed a positive correlation between the sensing depth and output power ( < 0.05). As the measured power increased, the sensing depth gradually increased in deionized water and ethanol, and the difference reached 70 μm. The sensing depth was negatively correlated frequency ( < 0.05). As the concentration of sodium chloride solution increased, the corresponding sensing depth gradually decreased, with a difference reaching 270 μm. The sensing depth of high dielectric materials was greater than that pf low dielectric materials. The results of sensing diameter measurement were not obviously affected by the measurement parameters, and the sensing diameter was stable in a fixed range (1.0 to 1.8 mm) between the diameter of the inner conductor and the diameter of the insulation layer, and was less than the diameter of the probe. CONCLUSIONS The sensing volume of open-ended coaxial probe technique is affected by measurement parameters and dielectric properties of materials, which significantly affect the sensing depth.
Algorithms ; Electric Conductivity

Non-rigid registration plays an important role in medical image analysis. U-Net has been proven to be a hot research topic in medical image analysis and is widely used in medical image registration. However, existing registration models based on U-Net and its variants lack sufficient learning ability when dealing with complex deformations, and do not fully utilize multi-scale contextual information, resulting insufficient registration accuracy. To address this issue, a non-rigid registration algorithm for X-ray images based on deformable convolution and multi-scale feature focusing module was proposed. First, it used residual deformable convolution to replace the standard convolution of the original U-Net to enhance the expression ability of registration network for image geometric deformations. Then, stride convolution was used to replace the pooling operation of the downsampling operation to alleviate feature loss caused by continuous pooling. In addition, a multi-scale feature focusing module was introduced to the bridging layer in the encoding and decoding structure to improve the network model's ability of integrating global contextual information. Theoretical analysis and experimental results both showed that the proposed registration algorithm could focus on multi-scale contextual information, handle medical images with complex deformations, and improve the registration accuracy. It is suitable for non-rigid registration of chest X-ray images.
Algorithms ; Learning ; Thorax

Aiming at the shortcomings of traditional medical device tracking and supervision mode, such as delayed feedback of medical device positioning information, poor visual tracking effect of medical device, and missing early warning of medical device working state supervision, a medical device visual tracking and supervision system based on wireless Local Area Network (LAN) real-time positioning system is developed. Introduction of wireless LAN real-time positioning system, using standard coding algorithm generating device object ID tags, with the only attribute based on RFID read-write terminal complete physical mapping of medical equipment and material ID label, we realize a real-time positioning and traceability of medical equipment, with the help of active warning algorithm based on depth of learning medical equipment working state supervision for early warning, with the help of indoor map generation and trajectory playback medical equipment to realize visualization back regulation. Choose equipment of hospital of Linyi Central Hospital for performance evaluation of the carrier, the evaluation model of engineering practice and clinical statistical analysis, the results show that the system has a complete real-time positioning, visible trace, abnormal warning function. In medical equipment real-time positioning information visual tracing feedback, abnormal state warning etc, medical equipment has obvious advantages.
Algorithms ; Local Area Networks