The original version of this article contained misspelled name of authors. The name of Seung-Yeol Na is replaced with Seung-Yeol Nah. The name of Mi-Sung Choi is replaced with Mee-Sung Choi.
Adrenal Medulla*

The adrenal ganglioneuroma was rare benign tumor that arise from mature sympathetic ganglion cells, located within the substance of the adrenal medulla or along the sympathetic chain. It may secrete catecholamines, represent endocrine symptoms. Nonfunctional growths remain silent until they reach large size. They are usually discovered incidentally. Herein we report a case of left adrenal ganglioneuroma that was incidentally discovered.
Adrenal Medulla ; Catecholamines ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Ganglioneuroma*

Pheochromocytoma is relatively uncommon disease that is mostly originated from adrenal medulla. Most of pheochromocytoma are benign, and malignant pheochromocytoma are very rate. A case of malignant pheochromocytoma from the right adrenal gland in a 28 year old woman was successfully treated with surgical intervention. This is a rare malignant pheochromocytoma case report with review of literatures.
Adrenal Glands ; Adrenal Medulla ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Pheochromocytoma*

Pheochromocytoma stems from the chromaffin cell and mostly is located in the adrenal medulla. It is an important cause of secondary hypertension due to correction of hypertension by a resection of the tumor. Because it produces and secretes catecholamine, it bothers anesthesiologists with excessive hypertension, tachycardia and arrhythmia during the anesthetic period. Therefore, anesthetic management is directed to avoid these conditions. We report a case of bilateral pheochromocytoma successfully managed intraoperatively with an infusion of nicardipine and an intermittent esmolol injection.
Adrenal Medulla ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Chromaffin Cells ; Hypertension ; Nicardipine* ; Pheochromocytoma* ; Tachycardia

Ganglioneuroma is generally considered to be the benign mature from of tumor arising from neural crest tissue. The great chain of sympathetic ganglia including the adrenal medulla accounts for the origin of most of ganglioneuroma. Complete surgical excision of adrenal ganglioneuroma is the treatment of choice. Herein we report a cases of adrenal ganglioneuroma in a 17-year-old male which is confirmed by surgical exploration and histopathologic examination.
Adolescent ; Adrenal Medulla ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Ganglioneuroma* ; Humans ; Male ; Neural Crest

Ganglioneuroma is generally considered to be a benign tumor arising from neural crest tissue. An adrenal ganglioneuroma is located within the substance of the adrenal medulla or along the sympathetic chain, thus may secrete catecholamines, and present with endocrine symptoms. However, nonfunctional growths remain silent until they reach a large size, and are usually discovered incidentally. Complete surgical excision of adrenal ganglioneuroma is the treatment of choice, and especially a laparoscopic adrenalectomy can be performed safely, and is an ideal substitute to an open procedure, with the added benefits associated with minimally invasive surgery. Herein, we report a case of an incidentally discovered adrenal ganglioneuroma.
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms ; Adrenal Medulla ; Adrenalectomy ; Catecholamines ; Ganglioneuroma* ; Laparoscopy ; Neural Crest ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive

The features of the symptoms, laboratory tests and pathological characteristics of adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia were studied. In 6 cases of hypercatecholaminenia, plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), catecholamine (CA) and 24-h urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (OHCS) and 17-ketosteroid (KS) were determined. Adrenal glands were examined by CT scan and 131I-MIBG imaging. Pathological examination was performed after operation. The results showed that in 6 cases of hypercatecholaminenia (3 men and 3 women) aged from 34-50 years, the clinical features were just like "pheochromocytoma", for example, episodic headache, perspiration, palpitation, pallor, apprehension, nausea, tremor, anxiety and so on. Plasma levels of CA, NE and E were elevated in all 6 cases. 24-h urinary samples obtained at the onset revealed elevated VMA in 1 case. 24-h urinary cortisol was obviously elevated in all 6 cases. 24-h urinary 17-OHCS, 17-KS was normal. B-type ultrasound, CT, MRI and 131I-MIBG revealed 9 lateral adrenal gland diffuse or nodular enlargement in 6 cases. Pathologic examination showed adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia. Clinically, adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia resembled "pheochromocytoma". The most significant feature of this disease was both elevated plasma CA and 24-h urinary cortisol obviously. Pathologic examination showed adrenal cortex nodular hyperplasia and medullar diffuse or limit hyperplasia. Whether it is an independent disease or symptoms of the other disease has not final conclusion up till now.
Adrenal Cortex/*pathology ; Adrenal Gland Diseases/*pathology ; Adrenal Medulla/*pathology ; Adrenocortical Hyperfunction/*pathology ; Catecholamines/blood ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertension/etiology ; Retrospective Studies

Extraadrenal pheochromocytomas developed from the paraganglia other than adrenal medulla are uncommon tumors. Such lesions have been reported that as much as 10% of retroperitoneal paragliomas arise outside the adrenal gland. But their incidence and prognosis are changing partly as a result of progression in developmental mechanism, diagnostic tools and concepts including ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry. The ultrastructure of chromaffine neoplasm from adrenal and extraadrenal tissues has been studied with chrarnaffine granule specificity and type of catecholamine content. With rare exceptions, extraadrenal chrornaffine tumor mainly has high concentration of norepinephrine which is suggested as dict relationship to numoruos electrone dense granular bodies in the cell cytoplasrn. High or intermediate level of epinephrine in tissue is associated with cytoplasmic granular bodies of much less density, Recently we experienced the exception, a case of norepinephrine secreting pheochrom-ocytoma in the organ of Zuckerkandl with epinephrine granules in cytoplasm and this discrepancy probably due to the plasticity
Adrenal Glands ; Adrenal Medulla ; Cytoplasm ; Epinephrine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Incidence ; Norepinephrine ; Para-Aortic Bodies ; Pheochromocytoma ; Plastics ; Prognosis ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Ganglioneuromas have their origin in neural crest and are found along the path of the sympathetic chain from the base of the skull to the pelvis, including the adrenal medulla. Clinically, ganglioneuromas may be incidentally found or detected secondarily by pressure effects on adjacent structures. Endocrine activity is rare among ganglioneuromas. Symptoms and signs such as hypertension, profuse perspiration, cutaneous flushing, rash, pallor, polyuria, and diarrhea are well documented. Recently we experienced a case of ganglioneuroma arising from the retroperitoneal sympathetic chains in a 46 year-old-female and, herein, report with review of the literatures.
Adrenal Medulla ; Diarrhea ; Exanthema ; Flushing ; Ganglioneuroma* ; Hypertension ; Neural Crest ; Pallor ; Pelvis ; Polyuria ; Skull

A ganglioneuroma is a rare neoplasm in adults, which is most commonly locating in the posterior mediastinum, but can also be located in the retroperitoneum, pelvis, adrenal medulla and neck. They predominantly occur in females, with 60-70% of diseases originating before the age of 20 years. Herein, a case of a 51-year-old woman suffering from a pelvic mass, with a history and physical findings similar to those of an ovarian tumor, is reported.
Adrenal Medulla ; Adult ; Female ; Ganglioneuroma ; Humans ; Mediastinum ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Pelvis ; Retroperitoneal Space