Urinary Creatinine Concentrations and Its Explanatory Variables in General Chinese Population: Implications for Creatinine Limits and Creatinine Adjustment.

Sai Sai JI; Yue Bin Lyu; Ying Li QU; Xiao Jian HU; Yi Fu LU; Jun Fang Cai; Shi Xun Song; Xu Zhang; Ying Chun Liu; Yan Wei Yang; Wen Li Zhang; Ya Wei LI; Ming Yuan Zhang; Chen Chen; Cheng Cheng LI; Zheng LI; Heng GU; Ling Liu; Jia Yi Cai; Tian Qiu; Hui FU; S John JI; Feng Zhao; Ying Zhu; Zhao Jin Cao; Xiao Ming Shi

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Urinary Creatinine Concentrations and Its Explanatory Variables in General Chinese Population: Implications for Creatinine Limits and Creatinine Adjustment.

Author: Sai Sai JI ¹ ; Yue Bin LYU ¹ ; Ying Li QU ¹ ; Xiao Jian HU ¹ ; Yi Fu LU ¹ ; Jun Fang CAI ¹ ; Shi Xun SONG ¹ ; Xu ZHANG ¹ ; Ying Chun LIU ¹ ; Yan Wei YANG ¹ ; Wen Li ZHANG ¹ ; Ya Wei LI ¹ ; Ming Yuan ZHANG ² ; Chen CHEN ¹ ; Cheng Cheng LI ¹ ; Zheng LI ¹ ; Heng GU ¹ ; Ling LIU ¹ ; Jia Yi CAI ¹ ; Tian QIU ¹ ; Hui FU ¹ ; S John JI ³ ; Feng ZHAO ¹ ; Ying ZHU ¹ ; Zhao Jin CAO ¹ ; Xiao Ming SHI ¹
Author Information

1. China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
2. School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
3. Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
Publication Type:Journal Article
Keywords: Biomonitoring; Creatinine; Hydration correction; Urine
MeSH: Middle Aged; Male; Humans; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Asian People; Glomerular Filtration Rate; China
From: Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2022;35(10):899-910
CountryChina
Language:English
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:The study aimed to analyze the applicability of the World Health Organization's exclusionary guidelines for Urinary creatinine (Ucr) in the general Chinese population, and to identify Ucr related factors.
METHODS:We conduct a cross-sectional study using baseline data from 21,167 participants in the China National Human Biomonitoring Program. Mixed linear models and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to analyze the associations between explanatory variables and Ucr concentration.
RESULTS:The geometric mean and median concentrations of Ucr in the general Chinese population were 0.90 g/L and 1.01 g/L, respectively. And 9.36% samples were outside 0.3-3.0 g/L, including 7.83% below the lower limit and 1.53% above the upper limit. Middle age, male, obesity, smoking, higher frequency of red meat consumption and chronic kidney disease were associated significantly with higher concentrations of Ucr. Results of the RCS showed Ucr was positively and linearly associated with body mass index, inversely and linearly associated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides level, and glomerular filtration rate, and were non-linearly associated with triiodothyronine.
CONCLUSION:The age- and gender-specific cut-off values of Ucr that determine the validity of urine samples in the general Chinese population were recommended. To avoid introducing bias into epidemiologic associations, the potential predictors of Ucr observed in the current study should be considered when using Ucr to adjust for variations in urine dilution.