Risk of gestational diabetes recurrence and the development of type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes and risk factors: a study among 18 clinical centers in China.
10.1097/CM9.0000000000002036
- Author:
Yumei WEI
1
;
Juan JUAN
1
;
Rina SU
1
;
Geng SONG
1
;
Xu CHEN
2
;
Ruiqin SHAN
3
;
Ying LI
4
;
Shihong CUI
5
;
Shangrong FAN
6
;
Ling FENG
7
;
Zishan YOU
8
;
Haixia MENG
9
;
Yan CAI
10
;
Cuilin ZHANG
11
;
Huixia YANG
1
Author Information
1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
2. Department of Obstetrics, Tianjin Central Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Tianjin 300199, China.
3. Department of Obstetrics, Jinan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.
4. Department of Obstetrics, Dalian Maternity Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116033, China.
5. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
6. Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Peking University Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China.
7. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
8. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suzhou Jiulong Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 320571, China.
9. Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, China.
10. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
11. Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
- Publication Type:Journal Article
- MeSH:
Adult;
Blood Glucose/metabolism*;
China/epidemiology*;
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology*;
Diabetes, Gestational;
Female;
Fetal Macrosomia;
Glucose Intolerance;
Humans;
Male;
Pregnancy;
Retrospective Studies
- From:
Chinese Medical Journal
2022;135(6):665-671
- CountryChina
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) brings health issues for both mothers and offspring, and GDM prevention is as important as GDM management. It was shown that a history of GDM was significantly associated with a higher maternal risk for GDM recurrence. The incidence of GDM recurrence was unclear because of the incidence of second-child was low before 2016 in China. We aim to investigate the prevalence of GDM recurrence and its associated high-risk factors which may be useful for the prediction of GDM recurrence in China.
METHODS:A retrospective study was conducted which enrolled participants who underwent regular prenatal examination and delivered twice in the same hospital of 18 research centers. All participants were enrolled from January 2018 to October 2018, where they delivered the second baby during this period. A total of 6204 women were enrolled in this study, and 1002 women with a history of GDM were analyzed further. All participants enrolled in the study had an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) result at 24 to 28 weeks and were diagnosed as GDM in the first pregnancy according to the OGTT value (when any one of the following values is met or exceeded to the 75-g OGTT: 0 h [fasting], ≥5.10 mmol/L; 1 h, ≥10.00 mmol/L; and 2 h, ≥8.50 mmol/L). The prevalence of GDM recurrence and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus were calculated, and its related risk factors were analyzed.
RESULTS:In 6204 participants, there are 1002 women (1002/6204,16.15%) with a history of GDM and 5202 women (5202/6204, 83.85%) without a history of GDM. There are significant differences in age (32.43 ± 4.03 years vs. 33.00 ± 3.34 years vs. 32.19 ± 3.37 years, P < 0.001), pregnancy interval (4.06 ± 1.44 years vs. 3.52 ± 1.43 years vs. 3.38 ± 1.35 years, P = 0.004), prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) (27.40 ± 4.62 kg/m2vs. 23.50 ± 3.52 kg/m2vs. 22.55 ± 3.47 kg/m2, P < 0.001), history of delivered macrosomia (22.7% vs. 11.0% vs. 6.2%, P < 0.001) among the development of diabetes mellitus (DM), recurrence of GDM, and normal women. Moreover, it seems so important in the degree of abnormal glucose metabolism in the first pregnancy to the recurrence of GDM and the development of DM. There are significant differences in OGTT levels of the first pregnancy such as area under the curve of OGTT value (18.31 ± 1.90 mmol/L vs. 16.27 ± 1.93 mmol/L vs. 15.55 ± 1.92 mmol/L, P < 0.001), OGTT fasting value (5.43 ± 0.48 mmol/L vs. 5.16 ± 0.49 mmol/L vs. 5.02 ± 0.47 mmol/L, P < 0.001), OGTT 1-hour value (10.93 ± 1.34 mmol/L vs. 9.69 ± 1.53 mmol/L vs. 9.15 ± 1.58 mmol/L, P < 0.001), OGTT 2-hour value (9.30 ± 1.66 mmol/L vs. 8.01 ± 1.32 mmol/L vs. 7.79 ± 1.38 mmol/L, P < 0.001), incidence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (fasting plasma glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L) (31.3% vs. 14.6% vs. 8.8%, P < 0.001), and incidence of two or more abnormal OGTT values (68.8% vs. 39.7% vs. 23.9%, P < 0.001) among the three groups. Using multivariate analysis, the factors, such as age (1.07 [1.02-1.12], P = 0.006), prepregnancy BMI (1.07 [1.02, 1.12], P = 0.003), and area under the curve of OGTT in the first pregnancy (1.14 [1.02, 1.26], P = 0.02), have an effect on maternal GDM recurrence; the factors, such as age (1.28 [1.01-1.61], P = 0.04), pre-pregnancy BMI (1.26 [1.04, 1.53], P = 0.02), and area under the curve of OGTT in the first pregnancy (1.65 [1.04, 2.62], P = 0.03), have an effect on maternal DM developed further.
CONCLUSIONS:The history of GDM was significantly associated with a higher maternal risk for GDM recurrence during follow-up after the first pregnancy. The associated risk factors for GDM recurrence or development of DM include age, high pre-pregnancy BMI, history of delivered macrosomia, the OGTT level in the first pregnancy, such as the high area under the curve of OGTT, IFG, and two or more abnormal OGTT values. To prevent GDM recurrence, women with a history of GDM should do the preconception counseling before preparing next pregnancy.
