Cigarette Smoking in Men and Women and Electronic Cigarette Smoking in Men are Associated with Higher Risk of Elevated Cadmium Level in the Blood
- Author:
Jae Woo LEE
1
;
Yeseul KIM
;
Yonghwan KIM
;
HyoSun YOO
;
Hee Taik KANG
Author Information
- Publication Type:Original Article
- From:Journal of Korean Medical Science 2020;35(2):e15-
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
BACKGROUND:We investigated the association between blood concentration of cadmium and smoking status including use of electronic cigarettes (E-cigars).
METHODS:We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Survey 2013 and 2016. A total of 4,744 participants (2,162 men and 2,582 women) were included and were categorized into five groups (Non-smokers, E-cigar non-users in past-smokers, E-cigar users in past-smokers, E-cigar non-users in cigarette-smokers and E-cigar users in cigarette-smokers). Cadmium blood concentration was categorized into tertiles. All sampling and weight variables were stratified, and analysis to account for the complex sampling design was conducted.
RESULTS:In both genders, the geometric cadmium concentration was significantly different according to smoking status (both genders, analysis of variance P value < 0.001). In men, E-cigar users were significantly higher than the non-smokers (P value = past-smokers, 0.017; cigarette-smokers, < 0.001) when fully adjusted. Compared with non-smokers, fully-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest cadmium tertiles of E-cigar non-users in cigarette-smokers and E-cigar users in cigarette-smokers were 6.56 (3.55–12.11) and 5.68 (1.96–16.50) in men and 2.74 (1.42–5.29) and 1.29 (0.10–17.44) in women.
CONCLUSION:Conventional cigarette smoking in men and women and E-cigar use in men are associated with higher risk of elevated blood cadmium level. Preventive management of cadmium exposure monitoring in conventional cigarette-smokers and E-cigar users may be needed.
