Distribution pattern and prevalence of West Nile virus infection in Nigeria from 1950 to 2020: a systematic review
- Author:
Idris Nasir ABDULLAHI
1
;
Anthony Uchenna EMERIBE
;
Peter Elisha GHAMBA
;
Pius Omoruyi OMOSIGHO
;
Zakariyya Muhammad BELLO
;
Bamidele Soji ODERINDE
;
Samuel Ayobami FASOGBON
;
Lawal OLAYEMI
;
Isa Muhammad DANEJI
;
Muhammad Hamis MUSA
;
Justin Onyebuchi NWOFE
;
Nkechi Blessing ONUKEGBE
;
Chukwudi Crescent OKUME
;
Sanusi MUSA
;
Abubakar Muhammad GWARZO
;
Odunayo Oyetola Rahmat AJAGBE
Author Information
- Publication Type:Systematic Review
- From:Epidemiology and Health 2020;42(1):e2020071-
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES:West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne viral infection. This study investigated the pooled prevalence pattern and risk factors of WNV infection among humans and animals in Nigeria.
METHODS:A systematic review was conducted of eligible studies published in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from January 1, 1950 to August 30, 2020. Peer-reviewed cross-sectional studies describing WNV infections in humans and animals were systematically reviewed. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane Q statistic.
RESULTS:Eighteen out of 432 available search output were eligible and included for this study. Of which 13 and 5 were WNV studies on humans and animals, respectively. Although 61.5% of the human studies had a low risk of bias, they all had high heterogeneity. The South West geopolitical zone of Nigeria had the highest pooled prevalence of anti-WNV immunoglobulin M (IgM; 7.8% in humans). The pooled seroprevalence of anti-WNV IgM and immunoglobulin G (IgG) was 7.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9 to 8.3) and 76.5% (95% CI, 74.0 to 78.8), respectively. The WNV RNA prevalence was 1.9% (95% CI, 1.4 to 2.9), while 14.3% (95% CI, 12.9 to 15.8) had WNV-neutralizing antibodies. In animals, the pooled seroprevalence of anti-WNV IgM and IgG was 90.3% (95% CI, 84.3 to 94.6) and 3.5% (95% CI, 1.9 to 5.8), respectively, while 20.0% (95% CI, 12.9 to 21.4) had WNV-neutralizing antibodies. Age (odds ratio [OR], 3.73; 95% CI, 1.87 to 7.45; p<0.001) and level of education (no formal education: OR, 4.31; 95% CI, 1.08 to 17.2; p<0.05; primary: OR, 7.29; 95% CI, 1.80 to 29.6; p<0.01) were significant risk factors for WNV IgM seropositivity in humans.
CONCLUSIONS:The findings of this study highlight the endemicity of WNV in animals and humans in Nigeria and underscore the need for the One Health prevention and control approach.
