Pathogenesis of Enuresis: Brain, Sleep Dysfunction and Psychological Effects.
- Author:
Kwanjin PARK
1
Author Information
1. Department of Urology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. urodori9@snu.ac.kr
- Publication Type:Review
- Keywords:
Central nervous system;
Enuresis;
Sleep
- MeSH:
Arousal;
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity;
Brain;
Brain Stem;
Central Nervous System;
Child;
Enuresis;
Humans;
Prevalence;
Psychophysiologic Disorders;
Reflex;
Social Class;
Urinary Bladder
- From:Journal of the Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology
2012;16(1):9-14
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:Korean
-
Abstract:
The relationship between central nervous system (CNS) and enuresis has not been sufficiently elucidated despite the presence of several circumstantial evidences. Contrary to common belief, polysomnographic sleep analysis revealed that the disturbance of arousal rather than deep sleep was responsible for enuresis. Subsequent studies confirmed depressed sympathetic tone and retarded brainstem reflex indicating abnormal arousal threshold in enuretics. In accordance with the bladder-brain dialogue, chronic stimulation of bladder may modify the brainstem function elevating arousal threshold. Epidemiological studies have suggested the association between enuresis and various psychosomatic disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which has shown the abnormal brainstem reflex similar to enuresis. Taken together, CNS is assumed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of enuresis. Psychological assessment is vital to understand the psychodynamic effect of enuresis. Studies have shown that the prevalence of psychological problems was higher in enuretic children and externalization of the symptoms was usually found. Several explanations have been brought up regarding the development of enuresis and psychological problems. Enuresis may cause psychological problems and vice versa. Otherwise, both may be associated with other variables, such as socioeconomic status (SES).
