This study was a multicenter, parallel-group, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized,noninferiority trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of γ-linolenic acid(GLA) relative to α-lipoic acid (ALA) over a 12-week treatment period in type 2diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).

This study included 100 T2DM patients between 20 and 75 years of age who had painfulDPN and received either GLA (320 mg/day) and placebo or ALA (600 mg/day) and placebo for12 weeks. The primary outcome measures were mean changes in pain intensities as measuredby the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the total symptom scores (TSS).

Of the 100 subjects who initially participated in the study, 73 completed the 12-weektreatment period. Per-protocol analyses revealed significant decreases in the mean VASand TSS scores compared to baseline in both groups, but there were no significantdifferences between the groups. The treatment difference for the VAS (95% confidenceinterval [CI]) between the two groups was −0.65 (−1.526 to 0.213) and theupper bound of the 95% CI did not exceed the predefined noninferiority margin(δ1=0.51). For the TSS, the treatment difference was −0.05(−1.211 to 1.101) but the upper bound of the 95% CI crossed the noninferioritymargin (δ2=0.054). There were no serious adverse events associatedwith the treatments.

GLA treatment in patients with painful DPN was noninferior to ALA in terms of reducingpain intensity measured by the VAS over 12 weeks.