Risk factors for different types of hypospadias.
- Author:
Yan HUANG
1
;
He-Yi WANG
1
;
Pei-Qiang LI
1
;
Peng XING
1
Author Information
1. Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
- Publication Type:Journal Article
- Keywords:
pregnancy;
risk factors;
hypospadias
- MeSH:
Adult;
Female;
Fetal Growth Retardation;
Humans;
Hypospadias;
classification;
etiology;
Infant, Newborn;
Male;
Maternal Age;
Pregnancy;
Premature Birth;
Regression Analysis;
Risk Factors;
Rural Population;
Smoking;
Young Adult
- From:
National Journal of Andrology
2017;23(5):441-447
- CountryChina
- Language:Chinese
-
Abstract:
Objective:To explore the risk factors for different types of hypospadias.
METHODS:According to the 1∶1 ratio, we included hypospadias children in the case group and those without urinary abnormality as controls, all from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between October 2015 to October 2016. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, we investigated the risk factors for hypospadias as well as for four different types of the disease.
RESULTS:Among the 440 subjects, the risk factors for hypospadias included preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, rural residence of the mother, pregnancy age <20 or >35 years, primipara, maternal smoking (including passive smoking), oral progesterone, cold or fever during pregnancy, and exposure to high temperature in early pregnancy, while the protective factors included protein supplement in early pregnancy. The pregnancy age <20 or >35 years was the main risk factor for type I hypospadias; preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, rural residence of the mother, primipara, and maternal smoking (including passive smoking) during pregnancy were the risk factors for type Ⅱ; preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, rural residence of the mother, and exposure to high temperature in early pregnancy were those for type Ⅲ; and exposure to high temperature in early pregnancy and oral progesterone during pregnancy were those for type Ⅳ.
CONCLUSIONS:The risk factors for hypospadias vary for different types, and therefore hypospadias-related clinical studies should be conducted and preventive measures should be taken accordingly. However, a larger sample size is needed to get more scientific and reliable results concerning the risk factors for different types of hypospadias.
