Gene and environmental interactions according to the components of lifestyle modifications in hypertension guidelines.
10.1186/s12199-019-0771-2
- Author:
Yoshihiro KOKUBO
1
;
Sandosh PADMANABHAN
2
;
Yoshio IWASHIMA
3
;
Kazumasa YAMAGISHI
4
;
Atsushi GOTO
5
Author Information
1. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan. y-kokubo@umin.ac.jp.
2. Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
3. Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
4. Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Services Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
5. Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
- Publication Type:Journal Article
- Keywords:
Epidemiology;
Gene and environmental interaction;
Hypertension;
Hypertension guideline;
Lifestyle
- MeSH:
Gene-Environment Interaction;
Humans;
Hypertension;
epidemiology;
genetics;
prevention & control;
therapy;
Life Style;
Practice Guidelines as Topic;
Precision Medicine;
standards;
Risk Factors
- From:Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine
2019;24(1):19-19
- CountryJapan
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
Risk factors for hypertension consist of lifestyle and genetic factors. Family history and twin studies have yielded heritability estimates of BP in the range of 34-67%. The most recent paper of BP GWAS has explained about 20% of the population variation of BP. An overestimation of heritability may have occurred in twin studies due to violations of shared environment assumptions, poor phenotyping practices in control cohorts, failure to account for epistasis, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, and other non-genetic sources of phenotype modulation that are suspected to lead to underestimations of heritability in GWAS. The recommendations of hypertension guidelines in major countries consist of the following elements: weight reduction, a healthy diet, dietary sodium reduction, increasing physical activity, quitting smoking, and moderate alcohol consumption. The hypertension guidelines are mostly the same for each country or region, beyond race and culture. In this review, we summarize gene-environmental interactions associated with hypertension by describing lifestyle modifications according to the hypertension guidelines. In the era of precision medicine, clinicians who are responsible for hypertension management should consider the gene-environment interactions along with the appropriate lifestyle components toward the prevention and treatment of hypertension. We briefly reviewed the interaction of genetic and environmental factors along the constituent elements of hypertension guidelines, but a sufficient amount of evidence has not yet accumulated, and the results of genetic factors often differed in each study.
