Regulation of Systemic Glucose Homeostasis by T Helper Type 2 Cytokines
- Author:
Yea Eun KANG
1
;
Hyun Jin KIM
;
Minho SHONG
Author Information
- Publication Type:Review
- Keywords: Adipokines; Adipose tissue; Cytokines; Immunity; Metabolic diseases; Obesity
- MeSH: Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Cytokines; Glucose; Growth Differentiation Factor 15; Homeostasis; Metabolic Diseases; Metabolism; Mitochondria; Obesity; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Paracrine Communication; STAT6 Transcription Factor
- From:Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2019;43(5):549-559
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
- Abstract: Obesity results in an inflammatory microenvironment in adipose tissue, leading to the deterioration of tissue protective mechanisms. Although recent studies suggested the importance of type 2 immunity in an anti-inflammatory microenvironment in adipose tissue, the regulatory effects of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines on systemic metabolic regulation are not fully understood. Recently, we identified the roles of the Th2 cytokine (interleukin 4 [IL-4] and IL-13)-induced adipokine, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), in adipose tissue in regulating systemic glucose metabolism via signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) activation. Moreover, we showed that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is required to maintain these macrophage-regulating autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways via Th2 cytokine-induced secretion of GDF15. In this review, we discuss how the type 2 immune response and Th2 cytokines regulate metabolism in adipose tissue. Specifically, we review the systemic regulatory roles of Th2 cytokines in metabolic disease and the role of mitochondria in maintenance of type 2 responses in adipose tissue homeostasis.
