Neuroimmune interactions and kidney disease
- Author:
Sho HASEGAWA
1
;
Tsuyoshi INOUE
;
Reiko INAGI
Author Information
- Publication Type:Review
- Keywords: Autonomic nervous system; Cholinergic neurons; Imaging; three-dimensional; Optogenetics; Sympathetic nervous system; Vagus nerve stimulation
- MeSH: Acetylcholine; Arteries; Autonomic Nervous System; Cholinergic Neurons; Homeostasis; Humans; Immune System; Inflammation; Kidney Diseases; Kidney; Macrophages; Nervous System; Neurotransmitter Agents; Norepinephrine; Optogenetics; Physiology; Receptors, Adrenergic; Receptors, Nicotinic; Reperfusion Injury; Spleen; Sympathectomy; Sympathetic Nervous System; T-Lymphocytes; Ultrasonography; Vagus Nerve; Vagus Nerve Stimulation
- From:Kidney Research and Clinical Practice 2019;38(3):282-294
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
- Abstract: The autonomic nervous system plays critical roles in maintaining homeostasis in humans, directly regulating inflammation by altering the activity of the immune system. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a well-studied neuroimmune interaction involving the vagus nerve. CD4-positive T cells expressing β2 adrenergic receptors and macrophages expressing the alpha 7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the spleen receive neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine and are key mediators of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Recent studies have demonstrated that vagus nerve stimulation, ultrasound, and restraint stress elicit protective effects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. These protective effects are induced primarily via activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. In addition to these immunological roles, nervous systems are directly related to homeostasis of renal physiology. Whole-kidney three-dimensional visualization using the tissue clearing technique CUBIC (clear, unobstructed brain/body imaging cocktails and computational analysis) has illustrated that renal sympathetic nerves are primarily distributed around arteries in the kidneys and denervated after ischemia-reperfusion injury. In contrast, artificial renal sympathetic denervation has a protective effect against kidney disease progression in murine models. Further studies are needed to elucidate how neural networks are involved in progression of kidney disease.
