Smoking and cause of death in Korea: 11 years follow-up prospective study.
- Author:
Sun Ha JEE
1
;
Ji Eun YUN
;
Jung Yong PARK
;
Jae Woong SULL
;
Il Soon KIM
Author Information
1. Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. jsunha@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr
- Publication Type:Original Article
- Keywords:
All causes;
cardiovascular disease;
cancer;
smoking;
mortality
- MeSH:
Alcohol Drinking;
Bile Ducts;
Cardiovascular Diseases;
Cause of Death*;
Cohort Studies;
Esophagus;
Female;
Follow-Up Studies*;
Humans;
Insurance;
Korea*;
Larynx;
Leukemia;
Liver;
Lung Neoplasms;
Male;
Mortality;
Obesity;
Outcome Assessment (Health Care);
Pancreas;
Prevalence;
Proportional Hazards Models;
Prospective Studies*;
Risk Factors;
Smoke*;
Smoking*;
Stomach;
Tobacco;
Tobacco Products;
Urinary Bladder;
Surveys and Questionnaires
- From:Korean Journal of Epidemiology
2005;27(1):182-190
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:Korean
-
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: In Korea, male smoking prevalence is among the world's highest and mortality rates from smoking-caused cancers, particularly lung cancer, are escalating. This cohort study examined the effects of cigarette smoking on the risk of mortality from all causes, cancers and cardiovascular diseases(CVD), and characterized the relationship of the risk with the amount and duration of cigarette smoking. METHOD: A eleven-year prospective cohort study was carried out of on 1,207,592 Koreans, 30 to 95 years of age. The study population includes participants in a national insurance program, who completed a questionnaire on smoking and other risk factors. The main outcome measures were death from all causes, cancer and CVD, obtained through record linkage. At baseline, 482,997 men(60.0%) and 19,755(5.3%) women were current cigarette smokers. RESULTS: In multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, controlling for age, alcohol drinking, exercise, and obesity, current smoking among men increased the risks of mortality from all cause death (relative risk[RR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval[CI], 1.52~1.59), all cancer (1.75, 1.68~1.82), and CVD(1.46, 1.38~1.55). Similar results were found for mortality among women. Smoking also increased the risks of mortality for cancer of the lung(4.60, 4.09~5.33) and other cancers, including larynx, bile duct, esophagus, liver, stomach, pancreas, bladder, and also leukemia. Current smoking among women increased the risk of lung cancer mortality(RR=2.83, 95% CI 2.38~3.36). CONCLUSION: In Korea, smoking is an independent risk factor for death from all causes, CVD and a number of major cancers. The findings affirm the need for aggressive tobacco control in Korea in order to minimize the epidemic of smoking-caused disease.
