Factors Associated with a Low-sodium Diet: The Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
- Author:
Won Joon LEE
1
;
Hyeon Chang KIM
;
Sun Min OH
;
Dong Phil CHOI
;
Jaelim CHO
;
Il SUH
Author Information
1. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. hckim@yuhs.ac
- Publication Type:Original Article
- Keywords:
Food services;
Low-sodium diet;
Population surveillance;
Republic of Korea;
Sodium intake
- MeSH:
Adult;
Aged;
Alcohol Drinking;
Cardiovascular Diseases;
Cross-Sectional Studies;
Diet, Sodium-Restricted;
Eating;
Energy Intake;
Family Characteristics;
Female;
Food Services;
Humans;
Hypertension;
Logistic Models;
Multivariate Analysis;
Nutrition Surveys;
Occupations;
Odds Ratio;
Population Surveillance;
Republic of Korea;
Sodium
- From:Epidemiology and Health
2013;35(1):e2013005-
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: The low-sodium diet is a known preventive factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Factors associated with low-sodium diets should be identified to reduce sodium intake effectively. This study was conducted to identify factors correlated with a low-sodium diet. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from a total of 14,539 Koreans aged 20 years or older, who participated in the Fourth (2007-2009) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A low-sodium diet was defined as having < or =2,000 mg/day based on 24-hour recalls. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess sex, age, education, number of family members, household income, occupation, alcohol drinking, total energy intake, frequency of eating out, and hypertension management status for their associations with low-sodium diets. RESULTS: Among all participants, only 13.9% (n=2,016) had low-sodium diets. In the multivariate analysis, 40-49 years of age, clerical work jobs, higher total energy intake, and frequent eating out were inversely associated with low-sodium diets. And female sex and living-alone were associated with low-sodium diets. Lower frequency of eating out was significantly associated with low-sodium diets, even after adjusting for total energy intake and other potential confounders. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for a low-sodium diet were 1.97 (1.49-2.61), 1.47 (1.13-1.91), 1.24 (0.96-1.61), and 1.00 (reference) in people who eat out <1 time/month, 1-3 times/month, 1-6 times/week, and > or =1 time/day, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that sex, age, number of family members, occupation, total energy intake, and lower frequency of eating out were associated with a low-sodium diet in Korean adults.
