Detecting Bladder Biomarkers for Closed-Loop Neuromodulation: A Technological Review.
- Author:
Eunkyoung PARK
1
;
Jae Woong LEE
;
Minhee KANG
;
Kyeongwon CHO
;
Baek Hwan CHO
;
Kyu Sung LEE
Author Information
- Publication Type:Review
- Keywords: Implantable neurostimulators; Voiding dysfunction; Urinary bladder diseases; Biomarkers
- MeSH: Biomarkers*; Central Nervous System; Humans; Implantable Neurostimulators; Reflex; Urinary Bladder Diseases; Urinary Bladder*; Urinary Tract; Urination
- From:International Neurourology Journal 2018;22(4):228-236
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
- Abstract: Neuromodulation was introduced for patients with poor outcomes from the existing traditional treatment approaches. It is well-established as an alternative, novel treatment option for voiding dysfunction. The current system of neuromodulation uses an open-loop system that only delivers continuous stimulation without considering the patient’s state changes. Though the conventional open-loop system has shown positive clinical results, it can cause problems such as decreased efficacy over time due to neural habituation, higher risk of tissue damage, and lower battery life. Therefore, there is a need for a closed-loop system to overcome the disadvantages of existing systems. The closed-loop neuromodulation includes a system to monitor and stimulate micturition reflex pathways from the lower urinary tract, as well as the central nervous system. In this paper, we reviewed the current technological status to measure biomarker for closed-loop neuromodulation systems for voiding dysfunction.
