Higher Serum Calcium Levels Are Associated with Preclinical Peripheral Arterial Disease among the Apparently Healthy Individuals.
- Author:
Hyung Jin KIM
1
;
Mi Ri KIM
;
Jin Kyung PARK
;
Yong Jae LEE
;
Byoungjin PARK
Author Information
- Publication Type:Original Article
- Keywords: Serum Calcium Levels; Preclinical Peripheral Arterial Disease; Ankle Brachial Index; Cardiovascular Diseases
- MeSH: Ankle Brachial Index; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; C-Reactive Protein; Calcium*; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Epidemiologic Studies; Fasting; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Lipoproteins; Logistic Models; Male; Odds Ratio; Peripheral Arterial Disease*; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Triglycerides; Uric Acid
- From:Korean Journal of Family Medicine 2018;39(5):279-283
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
- Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies suggest that serum calcium levels correlate with cardiovascular events. An ankle-brachial index (ABI) between 0.9 and 1.00 is a surrogate estimation of preclinical peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Prior studies have shown that an ABI of 0.9–1.0 is also associated with endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, we sought to investigate the relationship between serum calcium levels and preclinical PAD in apparently healthy Korean individuals. METHODS: We evaluated the association between serum calcium levels and preclinical PAD in 596 participants (334 males, 262 females) in a health examination program. Preclinical PAD was defined by an ABI of 0.9–1.0. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether the serum calcium level was an independent determinant of preclinical PAD. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of preclinical PAD was 14.3%. The mean age was 44.0±12.5 years in the non-PAD group and 48.3±11.4 years in the preclinical PAD group (P=0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, g-glutamyltransferase, uric acid, hypertension medication, diabetes medication, and hyperlipidemia medication, the odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for preclinical PAD was 2.28 (1.02–5.11) with a 1-mg/dL increase in the serum calcium. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that increased serum calcium is independently and positively associated with preclinical PAD regardless of the presence of classic cardiovascular risk factors.
