Cardiovascular Health Metrics and All-cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Middle-aged Men in Korea: The Seoul Male Cohort Study.
- Author:
Ji Young KIM
1
;
Young Jin KO
;
Chul Woo RHEE
;
Byung Joo PARK
;
Dong Hyun KIM
;
Jong Myon BAE
;
Myung Hee SHIN
;
Moo Song LEE
;
Zhong Min LI
;
Yoon Ok AHN
Author Information
1. Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. yoahn@snu.ac.kr
- Publication Type:Original Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseases;
Cohort studies;
Cox proportional hazards models;
Life style;
Mortality
- MeSH:
Adult;
Blood Glucose/analysis;
Blood Pressure;
Body Mass Index;
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/*mortality;
Cohort Studies;
Follow-Up Studies;
Humans;
Kaplan-Meier Estimate;
Life Style;
Male;
Middle Aged;
Prevalence;
Republic of Korea/epidemiology;
Risk Factors;
Smoking
- From:Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
2013;46(6):319-328
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the association of cardiovascular health behaviors with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in middle-aged men in Korea. METHODS: In total, 12 538 men aged 40 to 59 years were enrolled in 1993 and followed up through 2011. Cardiovascular health metrics defined the following lifestyle behaviors proposed by the American Heart Association: smoking, physical activity, body mass index, diet habit score, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. The cardiovascular health metrics score was calculated as a single categorical variable, by assigning 1 point to each ideal healthy behavior. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio of cardiovascular health behavior. Population attributable risks (PARs) were calculated from the significant cardiovascular health metrics. RESULTS: There were 1054 total and 171 CVD deaths over 230 690 person-years of follow-up. The prevalence of meeting all 7 cardiovascular health metrics was 0.67%. Current smoking, elevated blood pressure, and high fasting blood glucose were significantly associated with all-cause and CVD mortality. The adjusted PARs for the 3 significant metrics combined were 35.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.7 to 47.4) and 52.8% (95% CI, 22.0 to 74.0) for all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios of the groups with a 6-7 vs. 0-2 cardiovascular health metrics score were 0.42 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.59) for all-cause mortality and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.29) for CVD mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Among cardiovascular health behaviors, not smoking, normal blood pressure, and recommended fasting blood glucose levels were associated with reduced risks of all-cause and CVD mortality. Meeting a greater number of cardiovascular health metrics was associated with a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.
