Intrinsic Cellular Defenses against Virus Infection by Antiviral Type I Interferon.
- Author:
Kyung Hyun BOO
1
;
Joo Sung YANG
Author Information
- Publication Type:Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Keywords: Viral ligand; Toll like receptor and type I interferon
- MeSH: Animals; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism; Humans; Interferon Regulatory Factors/metabolism; Interferon Type I/*metabolism/physiology; Models, Biological; NF-kappa B/metabolism; Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism; Virus Diseases/*immunology/*metabolism/virology; eIF-2 Kinase/metabolism
- From:Yonsei Medical Journal 2010;51(1):9-17
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
- Abstract: Intrinsic cellular defenses are non-specific antiviral activities by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs), one of the pathogen recognize receptor (PRR), sense various microbial ligands. Especially, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 recognize viral ligands such as glycoprotein, single- or double-stranded RNA and CpG nucleotides. The binding of viral ligands to TLRs transmits its signal to Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) to activate transcription factors via signal transduction pathway. Through activation of transcription factors, such as interferon regulatory factor-3, 5, and 7 (IRF-3, 5, 7) or nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), type I interferons are induced, and antiviral proteins such as myxovirus-resistance protein (Mx) GTPase, RNA-dependent Protein Kinase (PKR), ribonuclease L (RNase L), Oligo-adenylate Synthetase (OAS) and Interferon Stimulated Gene (ISG) are further expressed. These antiviral proteins play an important role of antiviral resistancy against several viral pathogens in infected cells and further activate innate immune responses.
