Impairment of Concept Formation Ability in Children with ADHD: Comparisons between Lower Grades and Higher Grades.
- Author:
Hye Jeong HONG
1
;
Jong Bum LEE
;
Jin Sung KIM
;
Wan Seok SEO
;
Bon Hoon KOO
;
Dai Seg BAI
;
Jin Young JEONG
Author Information
1. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea. jblee@med.yu.ac.kr
- Publication Type:Original Article
- Keywords:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test;
Concept formation ability;
Age;
Developmental variation;
Working memory
- MeSH:
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity;
Child;
Concept Formation;
Executive Function;
Humans;
Intelligence;
Memory;
Memory, Short-Term;
Neuropsychological Tests;
Stroop Test;
Verbal Learning;
Wisconsin
- From:Psychiatry Investigation
2010;7(3):177-188
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: We investigated executive functions (EFs), as evaluated by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and other EF between lower grades (LG) and higher grades (HG) in elementary-school-age attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children. METHODS: We classified a sample of 112 ADHD children into 4 groups (composed of 28 each) based on age (LG vs. HG) and WCST performance [lower vs. higher performance on WCST, defined by the number of completed categories (CC)] Participants in each group were matched according to age, gender, ADHD subtype, and intelligence. We used the Wechsler intelligence Scale for Children 3rd edition to test intelligence and the Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test-IV, which included the WCST, to test EF. RESULTS: Comparisons of EFs scores in LG ADHD children showed statistically significant differences in performing digit spans backward, some verbal learning scores, including all memory scores, and Stroop test scores. However, comparisons of EF scores in HG ADHD children did not show any statistically significant differences. Correlation analyses of the CC and EF variables and stepwise multiple regression analysis in LG ADHD children showed a combination of the backward form of the Digit span test and Visual span test in lower-performance ADHD participants significantly predicted the number of CC (R2=0.273, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the design of any battery of neuropsychological tests for measuring EF in ADHD children should first consider age before interpreting developmental variations and neuropsychological test results. Researchers should consider the dynamics of relationships within EF, as measured by neuropsychological tests.
