OBJECTIVEA general review was made of studies involving: (1) The experimental evidence of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) and relative clinical studies, (2) The experimental and clinical evidences of remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPOC), (3) The potential mechanistic pathways underlying their protective effects.

DATA SOURCESThe data used in this review were mainly from manuscripts listed in PubMed that were published in English from 1986 to 2010. The search terms were "myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury", "ischemia preconditioning", "ischemia postconditioning", "remote preconditioning" and "remote postconditioning".

STUDY SELECTION(1) Clinical and experimental evidence that both RIPC and RIPOC produce preservation of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) of myocardium and other organs, (2) Studies related to the potential mechanisms, by which remote ischemic conditioning protects myocardium against IRI.

RESULTSBoth RIPC and RIOPC have been shown to attenuate myocardial IRI in laboratory animals. Also, their cardioprotective effects have appeared in some clinical studies. Except the external, the detailed internal mechanisms of remote ischemic conditioning have been generally described. Through these descriptions better protocols can be developed to provide improved cardioprotective procedures.

CONCLUSIONSRemote ischemic conditioning is an endogenous cardioprotective mechanism from outside the heart that protects against myocardial IRI and represents a general form of inter-organ protection. Remote ischemic conditioning may have an immense impact on clinical practice in the near future.