The Relationship between Hair Zinc and Lead Levels and Clinical Features of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
- Author:
Dong Won SHIN
1
;
Eun Ji KIM
;
Kang Seob OH
;
Young Chul SHIN
;
Se Won LIM
Author Information
1. Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Publication Type:Original Article
- Keywords:
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder;
Zinc and Lead;
ADS;
Hair Analysis
- MeSH:
Child;
Hair*;
Humans;
Impulsive Behavior;
Intelligence Tests;
Korea;
Logistic Models;
Mood Disorders;
Reaction Time;
Seoul;
Zinc*
- From:Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
2014;25(1):28-36
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to examine the association between zinc and lead level and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among Korean children. METHODS: A total of 89 clinic-referred children participated in the study (ADHD group=45, control group=44). The participants were 5-15 years old, and were mainly from urban areas of Seoul, Korea. ADHD was diagnosed using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version. We excluded children with a comorbid psychiatric disorder, medical illness requiring medication, or a prior history of taking ADHD medication. In order to evaluate the severity of ADHD symptoms, parents' Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) was used. The ADHD diagnostic system (ADS) was used for evaluation of the severity of inattention and impulsivity. All participants completed the intelligence test and hair mineral analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effect of hair zinc and lead levels on the K-ARS and ADS. We measured the predictive ability of the zinc and lead levels using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The lead level explained the score for omission errors, commission errors, and response time SD in visual ADS in the ADHD group (adjusted R2=.243, p<.01, adjusted R2=.362, p<.01, and adjusted R2=.275, p<.01), the score for omission errors of auditory ADS in ADHD group (adjusted R2=.407, p<.01) and the entire group (adjusted R2=.292, p<.01). Zinc was significantly explanatory for the K-ARS scores for the entire group (adjusted R2=.248, p<.001) and the ADHD group (adjusted R2=.247, p<.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a possible role of zinc and lead in ADHD. Lead concentration in hair samples affected the ADS scores, and this was more prominent in children with ADHD. Children with ADHD had a lower zinc concentration in their hair, and the zinc concentration in hair showed negative correlation with the K-ARS score.
