Effects of Smoking and Polymorphisms of Glutathione S-Transferase M1 and T1 as Risk Factors on the Development of Bladder Cancer.
- Author:
Kwan Hee SHIN
1
;
Sang Cheol LEE
;
Wun Jae KIM
Author Information
1. Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea. lscuro@med.chungbuk.ac.kr
- Publication Type:Original Article
- Keywords:
Smoking;
Bladder cancer;
Glutathione S-transferase
- MeSH:
DNA;
Genotype;
Glutathione Transferase*;
Glutathione*;
Hand;
Humans;
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction;
Surveys and Questionnaires;
Risk Factors*;
Smoke*;
Smoking Cessation;
Smoking*;
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms*;
Urinary Bladder*
- From:Korean Journal of Urology
2002;43(7):561-567
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:Korean
-
Abstract:
PURPOSE: To determine if the smoking status and polymorphisms of the glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) genes were risk factors for bladder tumor and to evaluate the effects of their interaction on bladder tumor development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and six patients with bladder cancer and 212 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled in this study. Their smoking status was obtained from a self-completed questionnaire. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms were analyzed using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the isolated genomic DNA. RESULTS: Smoking status was a strong risk factor for the development of bladder tumor (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.46-6.34, p=0.001). The bladder tumor risk increased in the GSTM1-null genotype compared with the GSTM1-positive genotype (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.02-2.72, p=0.041). On the other hand, the GSTT1-null genotype had significant protective effect against bladder tumor development (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.91, p= 0.019). The GSTM1-null/GSTT1-positive genotypes had a significant risk factor for bladder tumors compared to the GSTM1-positive/GSTT1-null genotypes (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.46-6.34, p=0.002). Smokers with the GSTM1-null/GSTT1-positive genotypes had a five-fold higher risk for developing bladder tumors than non-smokers with the same genotype and a nine-fold higher risk than non-smokers with the GSTM1-positive/ GSTT1-null genotypes (p=0.001). The GSTM1-null genotype in smokers also correlated with superficial bladder cancer (OR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.01-7.41, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is an independent risk factor for the development of bladder tumors in Korean, and the GSTM1-null and GSTT1-positive genotypes in smokers are important host risk factors. Therefore, smoking cessation particularly in individuals with the GSTM1-null/GSTT1-positive genotypes may prevent bladder tumor development.
