Interaction of Vitamin D and Smoking on Inflammatory Markers in the Urban Elderly.
- Author:
Hyemi LEE
1
;
Kyoung Nam KIM
;
Youn Hee LIM
;
Yun Chul HONG
Author Information
- Publication Type:Original Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Keywords: Vitamin D; 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2; Smoking; C-reactive protein; Leukocytes; Inflammation
- MeSH: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2/blood; Aged; Biomarkers/blood; Body Mass Index; C-Reactive Protein/analysis; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; *Smoking; Urban Population; Vitamin D/*blood; Vitamin D Deficiency/diagnosis
- From:Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 2015;48(5):249-256
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
- Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammatory disease. Smoking is a well-known risk factor for inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the interactive effect of vitamin D deficiency and smoking on inflammation. This study aims to investigate the interaction of vitamin D and smoking with inflammatory markers in the urban elderly. METHODS: We used data from the Korean Elderly Environmental Panel Study, which began in August 2008 and ended in August 2010, and included 560 Koreans > or =60 years old living in Seoul. Data was collected via questionnaires that included items about smoking status at the first visit. Vitamin D levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) counts were repeatedly measured up to three times. RESULTS: The association of vitamin D and hs-CRP was significant after adjusting for known confounders (beta=-0.080, p=0.041). After separate analysis by smoking status, the association of vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP in smokers was stronger than that in nonsmokers (smokers: beta=-0.375, p=0.013; non-smokers: beta=-0.060, p=0.150). Smoking status was an effect modifier that changed the association between vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP (interaction estimate: beta=-0.254, p=0.032). Vitamin D was not significantly associated with WBC count (beta=0.003, p=0.805). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with hs-CRP in the urban elderly. Smoking status was an effect modifier of this association. Vitamin D deficiency was not significantly associated with WBC count.
