The Impact of Major Depressive Disorder on Productivity in Workers: A Preliminary Study Using WHO-HPQ(Health and Work Performance Questionnaire).
- Author:
Won KIM
1
;
Tae Yeun HWANG
;
Byoung Joo HAM
;
Joon Seok LEE
;
Byung Hwi CHOI
;
Se Joo KIM
;
Yong Jin SEO
;
Eun Ho KANG
;
Jong Min WOO
Author Information
1. Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. jongmin.woo@gmail.com
- Publication Type:Original Article
- Keywords:
Workers;
Major depressive disorder;
Cost of illness;
Productivity;
Absenteeism
- MeSH:
Absenteeism;
Ambulatory Care Facilities;
Cost of Illness;
Depression;
Depressive Disorder, Major*;
Efficiency*;
Mental Disorders;
Surveys and Questionnaires;
Salaries and Fringe Benefits
- From:Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association
2007;46(6):587-595
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:Korean
-
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: Major depressive disorder (MDD) causes patients' distress and makes socioeconomic burden, both directly and indirectly. We used the concept of lost productive time (LPT) to estimate the indirect costs and calculated both absenteeism and presenteeism among workers with MDD. METHODS: Depression group was recruited from workers visiting psychiatric outpatient clinic who had MDD without major physical or mental disorders (N=106). Age and sex matched healthy control group was also recruited through advertisement (M=100). All participants completed a interview using WHO Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ), Job Stress Measurement Scale for Korean Employees, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Statistical analysis was performed with independent t-test or Chi2 test as characteristics of values (p=0.05). RESULTS: The number of absence (0.94-day/month vs. 0.10-day/month, p=0.015) and the number of early leaving (2.56-day/month vs. 0.24-day/month, p<0.001) were significantly higher in the depression group. Depression group evaluated their performance level much lower than controls with significant value (5.16 vs. 7.62, p<0.001). In addition, depression group estimated their performance level during the last 4 weeks lower compared to the level of past 1-year (5.16 vs 6.63, p<0.001). The estimated costs of absenteeism in depression group were higher than controls by 2,520,000 Korean Won per year, and those of presenteeism were also higher by 4,880,000 Korean Won per year. The total costs of LPT in depression group were higher than controls by 7,400,000 Korean Won, which corresponds to 26% of mean annual salary. In addition, the level of occupational stress, such as high demand and interpersonal conflict, was higher in the depression group. CONCLUSION: Major depressive disorder costs substantial productivity loss to workers and their company. Presenteeism imposes more time cost than absenteeism. Effectiveness trials are needed to devise cost-effective programs for the early detection and treatment of depression at the workplace.
