Prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysian: A cross-sectional study
https://doi.org/10.51866/oa.100
- Author:
Siti Hawa Alias
1
;
Cheong Lieng Teng
2
;
Navin Kumar Devaraj
3
;
Saadatunnoor Amirrudin
4
;
Noor Rawaida Abd Latib
5
;
Fui Yee Chong
6
;
Syamimi Yussof
7
;
Mohamad Danial Mohamad Din
8
,
9
;
Poon Wah Lim
10
Author Information
1. MBBS (IIUM), FRACGP (Australia) Klinik Kesihatan Port Dickson, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan Malaysia.
2. MBBS (UM), MFamMed (FRACGP) Department of Family Medicine, International Medical University (IMU), Jalan Rasah, Bukit Rasah Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
3. MD (UPM), MFamMed (Malaya) Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
4. MBBS (IIUM), FRACGP (Australia) Klinik Kesihatan Seremban 2, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
5. MBChB (Otago), FRACGP (Australia) Klinik Kesihatan Sendayan, Jalan Felda Sendayan, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
6. MD (UNIMAS), FRACGP (Australia) Klinik Kesihatan Sepang, Jalan Kelap, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
7. MBBS (Bangalore), FRACGP (Australia) Klinik Kesihatan Merlimau, Jalan Muhibbah 9a, Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia.
8. MBBS (Bangalore) Poliklinik &
9. Surgeri Merlimau, Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia.
10. MD (Ukraine), Klinik Sidhu, Kampung Tok Ungku, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
- Publication Type:Journal Article
- Keywords:
Lipohypertrophy;
Prevalence;
Insulin;
Diabetes mellitus;
Primary care
- MeSH:
Prevalence;
Insulin;
Diabetes Mellitus;
Primary Health Care
- From:Malaysian Family Physician
2023;18(All Issues):1-15
- CountryMalaysia
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
Introduction: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes at selected primary care clinics in Malaysia
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged ≥18 years with type 1 or 2 diabetes treated with insulin for at least 6 months at six selected public primary care clinics in Malaysia. The Injection Technique Questionnaire was used, and physical examination was conducted to detect the presence of lipohypertrophy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS version 26.
Results: A total of 506 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this study; of them, 60.47% were women, and 48.42% were Malays. The prevalence of lipohypertrophy was 39.6% (95% Confidence Interval, CI =35%–44%). The univariate analysis revealed that a larger number of injections per day, longer needle length, repeated use of needles, incorrect rotation of the injection site, longer insulin use duration, higher total insulin dose and higher HbA1c level were significantly associated with lipohypertrophy. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, incorrect rotation of the injection site was the only independent associated factor of lipohypertrophy.
Conclusion: The prevalence of lipohypertrophy in this study is comparable with that in other studies. The identified associated factors of lipohypertrophy must be addressed in ongoing health education for insulin-injecting patients at Malaysian primary care clinics. Educating healthcare professionals and increasing awareness among patients with diabetes are important steps in preventing this complication.
- Full text:202508211504555189518.37.pdf
