Sex-specific challenges in cardiovascular disease among women: gaps in recognition, diagnosis, and management
- Author:
Mi-Seung SHIN
1
Author Information
- Publication Type:Review Article
- From: Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy 2025;7(2):50-54
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
- Abstract: Despite being the leading cause of mortality among women, cardiovascular disease remains underrecognized and undertreated due to sex-related differences in clinical presentation, risk factors, and healthcare delivery. Women are often excluded from clinical trials, undergo fewer diagnostic evaluations, and are less likely to receive guideline-directed therapies. Additionally, female-specific risk factors, such as pregnancy-related disorders, early menopause, and autoimmune diseases, are frequently overlooked. Addressing these disparities through sex-specific risk assessment, increased clinician awareness, and inclusion of women in research is imperative to optimize prevention and treatment strategies and reduce cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality in women.
