Risk of non-cancer respiratory diseases attributed to humidifier disinfectant exposure in Koreans: age-period-cohort and differences-in-difference analyses
- Author:
Jaiyong KIM
1
;
Kyoung Sook JEONG
;
Seungyeon HEO
;
Younghee KIM
;
Jungyun LIM
;
Sol YU
;
Suejin KIM
;
Sun-Kyoung SHIN
;
Hae-Kwan CHEONG
;
Mina HA
;
Author Information
- Publication Type:Original Article
- From:Epidemiology and Health 2025;47(1):e2025006-
- CountryRepublic of Korea
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
OBJECTIVES:Humidifier disinfectants (HDs) were sold in Korea from 1994 until their recall in 2011. We examined the incidence patterns of 8 respiratory diseases before and after the HD recall and estimated the attributable risk in the Korean population.
METHODS:Using National Health Insurance data from 2002 to 2019, we performed age–cohort–period and differences-in-diffference analyses (comparing periods before vs. after the recall) to estimate the population-attributable fraction and the excess number of episodes. The database comprised 51 million individuals (99% of the Korean population). The incidence of 8 diseases—acute upper respiratory infection (AURI), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), asthma, pneumonia, chronic sinusitis (CS), interstitial lung disease (ILD), bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—was defined by constructing episodes of care based on patterns of medical care and the clinical characteristics of each disease.
RESULTS:The relative risks (RRs) for AURI, ALRI, asthma, pneumonia, CS, and ILD were elevated among younger individuals (with an RR as high as 82.18 for AURI in males), whereas chronic conditions such as bronchiectasis, COPD, and ILD showed higher RRs in older individuals. During the HD exposure period, the population-attributable risk percentage ranged from 4.6% for bronchiectasis to 25.1% for pneumonia, with the excess number of episodes ranging from 6,218 for ILD to 3,058,861 for CS. Notably, females of reproductive age (19-44 years) experienced 1.1-9.2 times more excess episodes than males.
CONCLUSIONS:This study provides epidemiological evidence that inhalation exposure to HDs affects the entire respiratory tract and identifies vulnerable groups.
