Study results of PM1 and PM10 particulate matter  concentrations in Ulaanbaatar city’s household  environments using low-cost sensors.

Ulziimaa D; Jargalsaikhan G; Ser-Od Kh; Enkhjargal G; Myagmarchuluun S; Gantuya D; Munkh-Erdene L; Damdindorj B; Khurelbaatar N; Davaalkham D

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Study results of PM1 and PM10 particulate matter concentrations in Ulaanbaatar city’s household environments using low-cost sensors.

VernacularTitle:Улаанбаатар хотын сууцны доторх орчинд РМ1, PM10 тоосонцорын агууламжийг шууд хэмжилтийн багажаар судалсан дүн
Author: Ulziimaa D ¹ ; Jargalsaikhan G ¹ ; Ser-Od Kh ¹ ; Enkhjargal G ¹ ; Myagmarchuluun S ¹ ; Gantuya D ² ; Munkh-Erdene L ³ ; Damdindorj B ⁴ ; Khurelbaatar N ⁴ ; Davaalkham D ⁴
Author Information

1. Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, MNUMS
2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, MNUMS
3. Department of Health Policy, School of Public Health, MNUMS
4. Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences
Publication Type:Other Types
Keywords: PM1; PM10; Dwelling type; Heating system type; Direct monitoring device
From: Mongolian Journal of Health Sciences 2025;88(4):88-91
CountryMongolia
Language:Mongolian
Abstract: Background:According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 99 percent of the world’s population is exposed to air that exceeds WHO recommendations, with low- and middle-income countries being the most affected. The main causes of indoor air pollution include human activities such as fuel burning, cooking, cleaning, and smoking; housing character istics such as walls, floors, ceilings, and furniture; ventilation; and outdoor air pollution.
Aim :To assess PM1 and PM10 concentrations in 120 selected households in Ulaanbaatar.
Materials and Methods :Indoor PM1 and PM10 concentrations were measured using Purple Air real-time sensors in randomly selected Ulaanbaatar households between October 2023 and January 2024. Supplementary data on factors af fecting the PM2.5 concentration were collected via questionnaires. Each measurement was taken in 10-minute intervals, yielding 51,309 data for analysis.
Results :PM1 concentrations were measured at 55.5±53.2 μg/m³ in gers, 54.9 ± 46.7 μg/m³ in houses, and 31.6±40.1 μg/ m³ in apartments (p<0.001) and measuring PM10 concentrations were 110.6±108.6 μg/m³ in gers, 110.6±96.7 μg/m³ in houses, and 62.2±83.0 μg/m³ in apartments (p<0.001) When considering the concentration of PM1, PM10 by heating type, PM1 was 55.3±50.1 μg/m³ and PM10 was 110.6±103.0 μg/m³ in households with stoves and furnaces, and PM1 was 31.6±40.1 μg/m³ and PM10 was 62.2±83.0 μg/m³ in households connected to the central heating system (p<0.001). Regarding the months of measurement, the highest concentration was observed in December 2023, at 77.1±94.1 μg/ m³. The highest concentrations for both PM₁ and PM₁₀ were recorded in January 2024, at PM₁: 64.8±55.1 μg/m³, PM₁₀: 131.4±116.0 μg/m³.
Conclusion :1. Indoor PM10 concentrations in residential environments in Ulaanbaatar city were within the MNS4585:2016 Air Quality Standard, however, it was exceeded the WHO air quality guidelines, indicating an excessive risk of increas ing morbidity and mortality among the population. 2. Indoor PM1 and PM10 concentrations in residential environments in Ulaanbaatar varies depending on location, type of housing, type of heating, and month of measurement.
Full text:202505201910517974388-91.pdf