Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore:a case–control study
10.1186/s40880-016-0174-3
- Author:
Yong Kwin SOOK
1
;
Ming Chert Richard Yeo
;
Gaborieau VALERIE
;
McKay D. JAMES
;
Wee JOSEPH
Author Information
1. Division of Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Sciences
- Keywords:
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma;
Diet;
Smoking;
Alcohol drinking;
Case–control study;
Preserved food
- From:Chinese Journal of Cancer
2017;36(2):63-70
- CountryChina
- Language:Chinese
-
Abstract:
Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a commonly diagnosed cancer in Southeast Asia. Many stud-ies have examined the risk factors for NPC, yet the roles of some risk factors remain inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between modifiable lifestyle factors and the risk of NPC in the Singaporean population. Methods: We conducted a case–control study in Singapore with 300 patients and 310 controls who were recruited between 2008 and 2012. Each control was selected and individually matched to each patient based on sex, ethnicity, and age (±5 years). A total of 290 pairs of cases and controls were matched successfully. We examined lifestyle factorssuch as tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, various salted and preserved food consumption, and weaning practices. Results: After adjusting for covariates, multivariate analysis showed that those participants who were current smok-ers and had ever smoked tobacco had a higher risk of NPC than participants who had never smoked, with odds ratios (ORs) of 4.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.58–7.86; P < 0.001) and 2.52 (95% CI 1.54–4.12; P < 0.001), respectively. Those who consumed salted vegetables at least once a week also showed a significantly increased risk of NPC than those who never or rarely consumed salted vegetables, with an OR of 4.18 (95% CI 1.69–10.38; P = 0.002). Conclusion: Smoking (currently and ever-smoked) and consuming salted vegetables once a week or more were lifestyle risk factors for NPC, and changes of these factors for the better may reduce the risk of NPC.
