Cushing′s syndrome (CS), an endocrine disorder resulting from excessive glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex, poses significant challenges to both diagnosis and treatment. The diagnostic process involves comprehensive evaluation, combining laboratory tests and imaging studies for screening, qualification, and localization. Surgical intervention remains the primary treatment approach, although pharmacological therapy also plays a crucial role. With an increasing understanding of the pathogenesis of CS, more potential targets for orphan drug development have been discovered. This article summarizes the current status of diagnosis and treatment for CS and provides an outlook on future research directions.