Antileishmanial effects, cellular mechanisms, and cytotoxicity of Elettaria cardamomum essential oil against Leishmania major infection
https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.40.2.019
- Author:
Majeed, Q.A.
1
;
Alshammari, A.
2
;
Alanazi, A.D.
3
Author Information
1. Department of Science, College of Basic Education, PAAET, Post code 23167, Aridiya, Kuwait
2. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin-39511-Saudi Arabia
3. Departmentof Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia
- Publication Type:Journal Article
- Keywords:
Leishmania major;
amastigote;
cytotoxicity;
herbal medicines;
apoptosis.
- From:Tropical Biomedicine
2023;40(No.2):259-265
- CountryMalaysia
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease with various clinical manifestations. We studied the therapeutic
effects of Elettaria cardamomum essential oil (ECEO) against Leishmania major infection. In vitro effects
of ECEO against L. major were examined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium
bromide) and macrophage assays. Nitric oxide (NO) production, infection inhibition in macrophages,
and the apoptotic activity of ECEO in treated parasites were also measured. By calculating the 50%
cytotoxic concentrations (CC50), we studied the cytotoxicity effects of ECEO on human macrophage cells
(THP-1). The efficacy of ECEO for improving cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) lesions in mice (BALB/c) was
determined by evaluating the size of lesions and the number of amastigotes before and after four weeks
of treatment. The effects of ECEO on liver and kidney function in the tested mice were also evaluated.
ECEO dose-dependently (p<0.001) inhibited the viability and the mean number of promastigotes and
amastigote forms of L. tropica. Four weeks of treatment with ECEO at the doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg/
day significantly (p<0.001) improved the CL lesions and reduced the number of parasites in the infected
mice. ECEO significantly increased NO production, apoptosis induction, and infection rate in parasites.
The CC50 value for ECEO and MA was 303.4 µg/mL and 835.2 µg/mL, respectively. In the mice receiving
ECEO at the doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day for 28 days, no significant change was reported between the
serum level of liver enzymes and kidney factors when compared with the control group. ECEO displayed
promising efficacy in parasite reduction in vitro and in the animal model. ECEO can thus be used as an
alternative medicine to treat CL.
- Full text:8.2023my1415.pdf
