The National conference for environment in Hanoi during 8/1998 introduced the major subjects including the orientation and solutions for drinking water, environmental hygiene, sewage disposal, fresh vegetable, iron containing water, nitrate contaminating water, rainy water, sterilization of the drinking water and heavy metal contains water.
Refuse Disposal ; Hygiene

Examination of soil samples in some military units revealed a high degree of parasitic infestation and bacterial contamination. The incidence of parasitic disease among the staff of these units was recorded as following: ascaridiasis 71.5%, trichiurasis 33.3% and ankylostomiasis 10.7%. Authors strongly urged the need to improve the existing latrine system of these military units.
Refuse Disposal ; Hygiene

In vitro study on effects of methamidophos (MAP) on antioxidant enzymes, total antioxidant status (TAS) and lipid peroxidation of human erythrocytes have shown: human plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) and enzym cholinesterase (ChE) activity were significantly decreased by increasing MAP concentrations (from 5 to 10 mM) and incubation period. Human erythrocyte superoxi.
Refuse Disposal ; Hygiene

OBJECTIVE: This paper evaluated the personnel of three public and three private hospitals in the Metro Manila area in terms of their knowledge of the (1) Hospital Waste Committee at their hospital and (2) the general guidelines of segregation and handling of hospital wastes.

METHODS: Convenience sampling was used. Nurses, medical technologists, and janitorial staff present at three private and three public tertiary hospitals in south Manila during respective data collection visits were given a self-administered questionnaire.

RESULTS: The majority of those included in the study had correct knowledge regarding the Waste Management Committee of their particular hospital but did not have enough knowledge regarding general waste management, particularly sharps waste management. The medical technologists and nurses in both private and public hospitals had about the same knowledge and awareness regarding hospital policies and sharps waste management; however, there were differences between the knowledge and awareness of private and government hospital janitorial staff. Two of the perceived problems in waste management of the hospitals were (1) the general lack of knowledge regarding waste management, specifically sharps waste and (2)the lack of hospital support in terms of provision of proper waste disposals.

CONCLUSION: Workers involved in sharps waste management-in tertiary hospitals had enough knowledge regarding the Waste Management Committee, but the respondents did not have enough knowledge regarding waste management in general and sharps waste management in particular. Problems perceived by respondents are: lack of knowledge regarding waste management and lack of hospital support.

Human ; Male ; Female ; .tertiary Care Centers ; Medical Laboratory Personnel ; Waste Management ; Hospitals, Private ; Refuse Disposal ; Hospitals, Public ; Surveys And Questionnaires ; Government

Humans ; Occupational Health ; Refuse Disposal

Environmental Exposure ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Incineration ; Industrial Waste ; Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Population Surveillance ; Refuse Disposal ; methods ; Risk Factors

Food wastes are rich in nutrients and can be used for producing useful chemicals through biotransformation. Some oleaginous microorganisms can use food wastes to produce lipids and high value-added metabolites such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, squalene, and carotenoids. This not only reduces the production cost, but also improves the economic value of the products, thus has large potential for commercial production. This review summarized the advances in food waste treatment, with a focus on the lipid production by oleaginous microorganisms using food wastes. Moreover, challenges and future directions were prospected with the aim to provide a useful reference for related researchers.
Biofuels ; Biotransformation ; Food ; Lipids ; Refuse Disposal

As a clean energy source and industrial material, hydrogen is very valuable. Electrolysis of water and chemical methods are well-known for producing hydrogen, however, all of these methods need additional energy supply. Besides highly energy cost, the chemical methods will lead to serious environment pollution. Compared with traditional methods, biological production of hydrogen has showed significant advantages. Bio-hydrogen can be produced by anaerobic and photosynthetic microorganisms during treatment of organic waste. It provides a low cost method for producing hydrogen gas, and a way of utilizing waste at the same time. This paper summarized the procedures of treatment of solid waste and the production of bio-hydrogen.
Bioelectric Energy Sources ; Biotransformation ; Hydrogen ; metabolism ; Refuse Disposal ; methods

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a new technology that can recover energy from biomass with simultaneous waste treatment. This technique has been developed fast in recent years in combining with environmental techniques such as wastewater treatment, degradation of toxic pollutants and desalination. With the increase of solid waste, applying MFC in composting is promising due to its property of waste disposal with simultaneous energy generation. In this paper, the microbial community of MFCs during composting was summarized. Four major influencing factors including electrodes, separators, oxygen supplement and configurations on the performance of composting MFCs were discussed. The characteristics of composting MFC as a new technique for reducing solid waste were as follows: high microbial biomass resulted in the high current density; adaptable to different environmental conditions; self-adjustable temperature with high energy efficiency; the transportation of proton from anode to cathode were limited by different solid substrates.
Bioelectric Energy Sources ; microbiology ; trends ; Electricity ; Electrodes ; Refuse Disposal ; methods

Objective: To analyze the situation and influencing factors of school meals leftover among primary and secondary school students in the area of the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students, improve the quality of school meals, develop healthy dietary behavior, and reduce food waste. Methods: In 2019, among the 50 monitoring counties that implemented the Compulsory Education Student Nutrition Improvement Program, two primary schools and two junior schools were randomly selected according to different food supply patterns.This study randomly selected one or two classes from grade 3 to grade 9. Basic information and school meals of 26 778 students were collected by using a student questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of leftovers rate. Results: 54.93% (14 709) of students wasted school meals, in which the highest rate was the staple food, with the main reason as "not in favor". 11.87% (1 743) of the students wasted school meals 6-7 days a week, with 54.20% (7 957) of students wasted but in less amount. The leftover rate of staple food was the highest (29.78%), followed by vegetables and meat. The main reason of leftovers was that they didn't like this kind of food (33.52%). The rate of school meal waste was higher for girls (OR=1.19,95%CI:1.13-1.25), junior high school students (OR=1.17, 95%CI: 1.11-1.25), resident students (OR=1.06, 95%CI: 1.00-1.12), lower economic level (OR=1.06, 95%CI: 1.00-1.12), parents working outside their houses (OR=1.22, 95%CI: 1.13-1.30), health education classes (OR=1.70, 95%CI: 1.40-2.06), company-based meals (OR=1.89, 95%CI: 1.71-2.07) and school meals were not as good as home food(OR=1.89, 95%CI: 1.78-2.00)(P<0.05). Conclusions: It is common for poor rural primary and middle school students in central and western China to waste school meals, and the reasons were affected by many factors. Reducing food waste requires the joint efforts of individuals, families, schools and society.
Female ; Food Services ; Humans ; Meals ; Refuse Disposal ; Schools ; Students