The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of Tetracycline-HCl on the change of implant surface microstructure according to application time. Implants with thermal dual acid etched surface were utilized. Implant surface was rubbed with 50mg/ml Tetracycline-HCl solution and sterilized saline for 0.5min, 1min, 1.5min, 2min, 2.5min and 3min. respectively in the test group. Then, specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation and measured surface roughness by optical interferometer. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The thermal dual acid etched surfaces showed many small peaks and valleys distributed overall surface. 2. The surface conditioning with Tetracycline-HCl and saline didn't influence on its micromorphology. In conclusion, the implant with thermal dual acid etched surface has a protective micromorphology from the detoxification with 50mg/ml Tetracycline-HCl and a scrubbing with cotton pellet. Therefore, the detoxification with 50mg/ml Tetracycline-HCl is an effective method for peri-implantitis in case implants with thermal dual acid etched surface.
Peri-Implantitis

ABSTRACT At present, with an increasing number of implants placed, peri-implant diseases are also increasing. The inclusion of peri-implant disease in the latest classification of periodontal disease shows the global significance of the disease in addition to periodontal disease. Management for peri-implantitis is more complicated and similar to periodontitis, and bone loss is irreversible. Numerous studies throughout the decades were conducted using various techniques investigating the best method in treating peri-implantitis. Therefore, this article will explore the latest evidence for peri-implantitis and its management.
Peri-Implantitis

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of tetracycline - HCl on the change of implant surface microstructure according to application time. Implants with pure titanium machined surface and titanium plasma-sprayed surface were utilized. Implant surface was rubbed with 50mg/ml tetracycline - HCl solution for 1 min., 1 1/2 min., 2 min., 2 1/2 min. and 3min. respectively in the test group and with saline for 1 min. in the control group. Then, the specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. The following results were obtained. 1. Pure titanium machined surfaces conditioned with saline for 1 min., showed a few shallow grooves and ridges and were less irregular. 2. Pure titanium machined surfaces conditioned with 50mg/ml tetracycline - HCl solution showed more irregular and corrosive surfaces compared to the control group irrespective of the application time of tetracycline - HCl solution. 3. Titanium plasma-sprayed surfaces conditioned with saline for 1 min., were deposited with round or amorphous particles and showed round or irregular pores that can be connected to each other. 4. The irregularity of titanium plasma-sprayed surfaces conditioned with 50mg/ml tetracycline - HCl solution was lessened and the flattened areas were wider relative to the application time of tetracycline - HCl solution. 5. Titanium plasma-sprayed surfaces conditioned with tetracycline - HCl solution for 1 min. and 1 1/2 min. were very similar to that of the control group, but the surfaces conditioned for 2 min., 2 1/2 min. and 3 min. were changed. In conclusion, pure titanium machined surfaces were changed irrespective of the application time of tetracycline - HCl solution. And titanium plasma-sprayed surfaces conditioned with tetracycline - HCl solution began to be changed from 11/2 min. This results will be applicable to the regenerative procedures for peri-implantitis treatment.
Peri-Implantitis ; Tetracycline* ; Titanium

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of tetracycline - HCl on the change of implant surface microstructure according to application time. Implants with pure titanium machined surface, SLA surface and TiO2blasted surface were used. Implant surface was rubbed with 50mg/ml tetracycline - HCl solution for 1/2 min., 1 min., 1 1/2 min., 2 min., and 3min. respectively in the test group and with no conditioning in the control group. Then, the specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. The following results were obtained. 1. In the pure titanium machined surfaces, the control specimen showed a more or less rough machined surface composed of alternating positive and negative lines corresponding to grooves and ridges. After treatment, machining line was more pronounced for the control specimens. but in general, test specimens were similar to control. 2. In the SLA surfaces, the control specimen showed that the macro roughness was achieved by large-grit sandblasting. subsequently, the acid-etching process created the micro roughness, which thus was superimposed on the macro roughness. 3. In the SLA surfaces, irrespective of the application time of 50mg/ml tetracycline - HCl solution , in general, test specimens were similar to control. 4. In the TiO2blasted surfaces the control specimen showed the rough surface with small pits. The irregularity of the TiO2blasted surfaces with 50mg/ml tetracycline - HCl solution was lessened and the flattened areas were wider relative to the application time of tetracycline - HCl solution. In conclusion, pure titanium machined surfaces and SLA surfaces weren't changed irrespective of the application time of tetracycline - HCl solution. And the TiO2blasted surfaces conditioned with tetracycline - HCl solution began to be changed from 1 1/2 min. This results are expected to be applied to the regenerative procedures for peri-implantitis treatment.
Peri-Implantitis ; Tetracycline ; Titanium

The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of Tetracycline-HCl on the microstructure change of SLA implant surface according to application time. In the Tetracycline-HCl group, 6 implants were rubbed with sponges soaked 50mg/ml Tetracycline-HCl solution for 0.5min., 1min., 1.5min., 2min., 2.5min. and 3min. In the saline group, another 6 implants conditioned with sponges soaked saline using same methods. One implant wasn't conditioned anything. Then, the changes of surface roughness values were evaluated by optical interferometer & specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. The results of this study were as follows: 1. In both Tetracycline-HCl group & saline group, there are no significant differences between surface roughness values before & after surface detoxification. And in scanning electron microscopic observation, there are slightl9y changes of implant surface structures but this changes were not significant by comparison with no treatment implant surface. 2. In the changes of surface roughness values & the scanning electron microscopic observation, there were no significant differences between saline & Tetracycline-HCl groups. In conclusion, the detoxification with 50mg/ml Tetracycline-HCl within 3 minutes can be applied for treatment of peri-implantitis in SLA surface implants, without surface microstructure changes.
Peri-Implantitis ; Porifera

ABSTRACT Peri-implant diseases are serious problems that plagues today’s dentistry, both in terms of therapy and epidemiology. With the expansion of implantology practice and the increasing number of implants placed annually, the frequency of peri-implant diseases has greatly expanded. The clinical manifestations, in the absence of a globally established classification, are peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, the counterparts of gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively. However, many doubts remain about their features. Official diagnostic criteria, globally recognised by the dental community, have not yet been introduced. The review presented possible association between gastrointestinal diseases and peri-implant diseases. Previous studies had revealed the association with significantly higher levels of bacteria in patient’s gastrointestinal disease at either gingivitis or in periodontitis site. Additionally, pathogenesis of the periodontitis is similar to peri-implant diseases.
Peri-Implantitis ; Gastrointestinal Diseases

The early exposure of cover screws is a common complication of 2-stage implant technique. The exposure of cover screws between stage I and II surgery may cause inflammation in the soft tissues surrounding the implants, and lead to peri-implantitis or marginal bone loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the early exposure of cover screws on implants placed using 2-stage technique. Two hundred and nineteen implants in 77 patients were examined for cumulative survival rate, radiographic marginal bone level change, cause and frequency of the early exposure. The results were as follows: 1. Twenty-five implants showed early exposure of cover screws with a frequency of 11.4%. 2. Cumulative survival rate of the implants with early cover screw exposure was 88.0%, and that of the implants without cover screw exposure was 96.9%. 3. At the time of stage II surgery and 1 year after loading, the marginal bone loss was greater around the implants with early exposure of cover screws than around the implants without cover screw exposure(p <0.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of the early exposure according to the implant diameter, gender, and smoking(p >0.05).
Humans ; Inflammation ; Peri-Implantitis ; Survival Rate*

PURPOSE: One of the most frequent complications related to dental implants is peri-implantitis, and the characteristics of implant surfaces are closely related to the progression and resolution of inflammation. Therefore, a technical modality that can effectively detoxify the implant surface without modification to the surface is needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of erbium-doped: yttrium, aluminium and garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation on the microstructural changes in double acid-etched implant surfaces according to the laser energy and the application duration. METHODS: The implant surface was irradiated using an Er:YAG laser with different application energy levels (100 mJ/pulse, 140 mJ/pulse, and 180 mJ/pulse) and time periods (1 minute, 1.5 minutes, and 2 minutes). We then examined the change in surface roughness value and microstructure. RESULTS: In a scanning electron microscopy evaluation, the double acid-etched implant surface was not altered by Er:YAG laser irradiation under the condition of 100 mJ/pulse at 10 Hz for any of the irradiation times. However, we investigated the reduced sharpness of the specific ridge microstructure that resulted under the 140 mJ/pulse and 180 mJ/pulse conditions. The reduction in sharpness became more severe as laser energy and application duration increased. In the roughness measurement, the double acid-etched implants showed a low roughness value on the valley area before the laser irradiation. Under all experimental conditions, Er:YAG laser irradiation led to a minor decrease in surface roughness, which was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The recommended application settings for Er:YAG laser irradiation on double acid-etched implant surface is less than a 100 mJ/pulse at 10 Hz, and for less than two minutes in order to detoxify the implant surface without causing surface modification.
Dental Implants ; Inflammation ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Peri-Implantitis ; Yttrium

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of citric acid on the change of implant surface microstructure according to application time. Implants with pure titanium machined surface, titanium plasmasprayed surface, and sand-blasted, large grit, acid etched surface were utilized. Implant surface was rubbed with pH 1 citric acid for 1/2 min., 1 min., 1 1/2 min., 2 min., and 3min. respectively in the test group and implant surface was not treated in the control group. Then, the specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. The following results were obtained. 1. Both test and control group showed a few shallow grooves and ridges in pure titanium machined surface implants. There were not significant differences between two groups. 2. In titanium plasma-sprayed surfaces, round or amorphous particles were deposited irregularly. The irregularity of titanium plasma-sprayed surfaces conditioned with pH 1 citric acid was lessened and the cracks were increased relative to the application time of pH 1 citric acid. 3. Sand-blasted, large grit, acid etched surfaces showed the macro/micro double roughness. The application of pH 1 citric acid didn't change the characteristics of the sand-blasted, large grit, acid etched surfaces. In conclusion, the application of pH 1 citric acid to titanium plasma-sprayed surface is improper. And pure titanium machined surface implants and sand-blasted, large grit, acid etched surface implants can be treated with pH 1 citric acid for peri-implantitis treatment if the detoxification of these surfaces could be evaluated.
Citric Acid* ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Peri-Implantitis ; Titanium

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of citric acid on the change of implant surface microstructure according to application time. Implants with pure titanium machined surface, and HA coated surface were utilized. Pure titanium machined surface and HA coated surface were rubbed with pH 1 citric acid for 30s., 45s., 60s., 90s., and 120s. respectively. Then, the specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. The following results were obtained. 1. The specimens showed a few shallow grooves and ridges in pure titanium machined surface implants. The roughness of surfaces conditioned with pH 1 citric acid was slightly increased. 2. In HA-coated surfaces, round particles were deposited irregularly. The specimens were not significant differences within 45s. But, began to be changed from 60s. The roughness of surfaces was lessened and the surface dissolution was increased relative to the application time. In conclusion, pure titanium machined surface implants and HA coated surface implants can be treated with pH 1 citric acid for peri-implantitis treatment if the detoxification of these surfaces could be evaluated.
Citric Acid* ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Peri-Implantitis ; Titanium