PURPOSE: Many family caregivers of people with early stages of dementia experience difficulty in obtaining information on dementia. In addition, adjusting to this new caregiving role is emotionally demanding, thus many family caregivers go thorough a lot of emotional stress. This study tested emotion-focused individual intervention as a way to help family caregivers of early-stage dementia patients obtain necessary information and emotional support related to caregiving. METHODS: To achieve this goal, a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group design was conducted. Emotion-focused individual intervention was administered to the experimental group (n=15), and no treatment was administered to the control group (n=21). Both groups completed a demographic profile, and also took pre- and post-test measuring their dementia-related knowledge, self-efficacy of care, preparedness of care, and coping strategies of care. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and t-test, and ANCOVA were performed to SPSS program. RESULTS: It was found that there was a statistically significant improvement in dementia-related knowledge (p<.001), self-efficacy of care (p=.030), preparedness of care (p<.001), and coping strategies of care (p<.001) after the intervention. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that emotion-focused individual intervention was effective for family caregivers of patients with early dementia to adjust to the new caregiving role.
Caregivers* ; Dementia* ; Humans ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Stress, Psychological

PURPOSE: Caring for patients with dementia is a challenging issue entailing heavy responsibility. Many interventions for caregivers have been developed, but their effectiveness is not clear. This study aimed to examine how, why, and under what circumstances interventions for dementia caregivers affected their burden of caring. METHODS: Authors used a realist review approach to explore the evidence for how different interventions reduce the burden of dementia caregivers. We completed the literature review about the burden of dementia caregivers and extracted the theoretical concepts to explain context-mechanism-outcome configuration why an intervention may be effective in some situations and not others. Six databases were searched for experimental or quasi-experimental studies conducted from 2008 to 2017. Of 1,225 screened studies, 10 studies were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS: None of the studies included all the derived contexts while explaining in detail the mechanism of the intervention effectiveness. Among contexts, the variable of other family members requiring care was not included in all studies. Among the analyzed studies, no studies have applied repeated intervention. Most studies included only some variables of context and mechanism, and these variables did not directly explain the effectiveness of intervention. The effect of outcome variables was significant for each study, and the effects of research intervention and national services could not be separately described. CONCLUSION: Authors conclude that Korean culture's emphasis on relationships with others increases the burden of care. In context, Confucian norms and traditional femininity of Korea were reflected in the core. It is necessary to check the homogeneity of participants and the design of intervention to verify the effectiveness of the outcome variable of psychological burden.
Caregivers ; Dementia ; Femininity ; Humans ; Korea ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to study the effects of the reeducation of core fundamental nursing skills on clinical stress, critical thinking disposition, and self-confidence in nursing skills of senior nursing students. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were recruited from two nursing colleges. The sample consisted of an intervention group (n=33) that participated in the educational program and a control group (n=32). The data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Data analyses utilized χ²-test & t–test. RESULTS: After the reeducation of core fundamental nursing skills, senior nursing students had less clinical stress (t=-2.089, p=.041) and more self-confidence (t=1.008, p=.318) in nursing skills. However, it had no effect on critical thinking disposition (t=1.008, p=.318). CONCLUSION: Reeducation of core fundamental nursing skills is important to the nursing profession. Also, nurses who are self-confident in their nursing skills are less stressed about improving the quality of their work due to the reeducation of core fundamental nursing skills. Therefore, it is vital for nursing colleges to reeducate core fundamental nursing skills to their students before graduation.
Education ; Humans ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Nursing* ; Statistics as Topic ; Students, Nursing* ; Thinking*

PURPOSE: This quasi-experimental study was done to develop image-use medication education for older inpatients and to evaluate the effects on their knowledge, self-efficacy, and misuse of medication.
Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Education ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Patient Education as Topic

To systematically evaluate the adverse drug reaction(ADR) of Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets(TGT) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA). Four Chinese databases(CNKI, VIP, WanFang, SinoMed) and three English databases(Cochrane Library, EMbase, PubMed), from the time of database establishing to August 2019, were systematically retrieved to collect literature on the treatment of all types of RA with TG. Screening literature and extracting data according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. All studies were assessed by using internationally recognized methodological quality assessment tools or reporting quality evaluation criteria, with data being extracted and Meta-analyzed. There were 79 studies included, randomized controlled trials(RCT) containing TGT in the treatment group, non-randomized controlled trials(non-RCT), case series, case reports, and RCT containing TGT only in the control group were covered. There were in the control group; 765 ADR of 2 214 patients in 30 RCT(treatment group given TGT), 11 non-RCT and 7 case reports. The results of Meta-analysis of these 48 literatures showed that the overall incidence of ADRs was 0.23(95%CI[0.22,0.24]); ADR mainly occured in the reproductive, gastrointestinal, skin and accessories, blood, hepatobiliary system damage and the incidence of ADR in systems mentioned about respectively were 0.14(95%CI[0.12,0.17]),0.07(95%CI[0.06,0.08]),0.06(95%CI[0.04,0.07]),0.04(95%CI[0.03,0.05]),0.04(95%CI[0.03,0.05]). Further subgroup analysis results showed that the incidence of total ADR, especially the gastrointestinal, reproductive and cutaneous ADR of patients with treatment alone was higher than that in those paients with MTX or MTX+LEF therapy; The incidence of ADR, especially the gastrointestinal ADR, was also positively correlated with daily dose and course of treatment, while the incidence of different systems ADR was also correlated with different drug manufacturers, for instance, damage on the female reproductive system occurs most frequently in Hunan manufacture TGT administration, same as the damage on skin and accessories induced by TGT from Jiangsu manufacture. Above all, The clinical treatment of TGT for RA will cause multi-system ADR, with the highest incidence in the reproductive system, followed by the gastrointestinal system, which is closely related to the way of medication(monotherapy), daily dose, course of medication and drug manufacturer. Therefore, it is recommended that, in the treatment of RA, using TGT in combination, low dose or short-course medication, take measures to protect the reproductive system, stomach and liver, and paying attention to the drug manufacturer as well response of patients during administration should be valued to avoid ADRs to the maximum possibility.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Glycosides/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Tablets ; Tripterygium/chemistry*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the effects of stretching and combined therapy (stretching and massage) on postural balance in people aged 50 to 65 years. METHODS: Twenty-three subjects participated in this nonrandomized clinical trial study. Each participant randomly received plantar flexor muscle stretching (3 cycles of 45 seconds with a 30-second recovery period between cycles) alone and in combination with deep stroking massage (an interval of at least 30 minutes separated the two interventions). The data were recorded with a force platform immediately after each condition with eyes open and closed. The center of pressure displacement and velocity along the mediolateral and anteroposterior axes were calculated under each condition. The data were analyzed with multiple-pair t-tests. RESULTS: The center of pressure displacement and velocity along the mediolateral axis increased after both stretching and the combined intervention. There were significant differences in both values between participants in the stretching and combined interventions (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Plantar flexor muscle stretching (for 45 seconds) combined with deep stroking massage may have more detrimental effects on postural balance than stretching alone because each intervention can intensify the effects of the other.
Massage* ; Muscle Stretching Exercises* ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Postural Balance* ; Stroke

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) practice education on CPR knowledge, attitude, confidence, learning satisfaction and performance of the personal assistants for the disabled. METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group. The participants were 62 personal assistants for the disabled. Thirty-one subjects were assigned to an experimental group and the remaining subjects were assigned to a control group. The date collected were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 program by descriptive statistics, χ2-test, Fisher's exact test, and t-test. RESULTS: CPR practice education was found to have a meaningful effect on CPR knowledge (p<.001), learning satisfaction (p<.001), and performance (p<.001) of the personal assistants for the disabled. CONCLUSION: Considering these results, it would be useful to develop CPR practice curriculum to enhance CPR knowledge, attitude, confidence, learning satisfaction and performance of the personal assistants for the disabled.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Curriculum ; Education* ; Humans ; Learning ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of taking calcium/vitamin D supplements and performing Taekkyeon exercises on the frailty of the elderly targeting a vulnerable senior social group. METHODS: A total of 124 people aged 65 and older consisting of 60 persons in the experimental group, and 64 persons in the control group participated in this study, and this study is a non-equivalent control group pre/post-test design quasi-experimental study. This study analyzed the homogeneity between the experimental group and the control group using a chi-square test and t-test while analyzing the difference in the degree of frailty and bone density with the practice of Taekkyeon and a calcium agent using t-test and GEE. RESULTS: The study results showed that the frailty and bone density of the experimental group significantly improved. CONCLUSION: Through this study, it was confirmed that calcium/vitamin D intake and Taekkyeon exercises were an effective intervention which strengthened the elderly's physical condition.
Aged ; Bone Density ; Calcium ; Exercise ; Frail Elderly ; Humans ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Vitamin D

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to verify the effects of a memory and visual-motor integration program for older adults based on self-efficacy theory. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group pretest–posttest design was implemented in this quasi-experimental study. The participants were 62 older adults from senior centers and older adult welfare facilities in D and G city (Experimental group=30, Control group=32). The experimental group took part in a 12-session memory and visual-motor integration program over 6 weeks. Data regarding memory self-efficacy, memory, visual-motor integration, and depression were collected from July to October of 2014 and analyzed with independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test using PASW Statistics (SPSS) 18.0 to determine the effects of the interventions. RESULTS: Memory self-efficacy (t=2.20, p=.031), memory (Z=-2.92, p=.004), and visual-motor integration (Z=-2.49, p=.013) increased significantly in the experimental group as compared to the control group. However, depression (Z=-0.90, p=.367) did not decrease significantly. CONCLUSION: This program is effective for increasing memory, visual-motor integration, and memory self-efficacy in older adults. Therefore, it can be used to improve cognition and prevent dementia in older adults.
Adult* ; Cognition ; Dementia ; Depression ; Humans ; Memory* ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Psychomotor Performance ; Senior Centers

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the effects of early exercise education using videos on exercise knowledge and compliance of elderly patients who undergo total knee replacement surgery. METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The participants were 70 elderly patients who had total knee arthroplasty in the C university hospital located in G city, Korea. Thirty-five patients were assigned to an experimental group and the other patients were assigned to a control group. After the total knee arthroplasty, the early exercise education accompanied by watching video instruction was conducted on the experimental group at post-operation second and third day for 15 minutes. General exercise education was administered to the control group. The exercise knowledge and compliance of the elderly patients were measured through structured questionnaires. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that early exercise education using videos has positive effects to improve the exercise knowledge and compliance of elderly patients after total knee arthroplasty. This early exercise education can be used going forward as nursing intervention for elderly patients who undergo total knee replacement surgery.
Aged* ; Arthroplasty ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee* ; Compliance* ; Education* ; Humans ; Knee ; Korea ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Nursing