With clinical first-aid needs, it is necessary to develop and produce combined first-aid equipment box to meet needs of the battlefield and emergency treatment. The choice of medical devices should also be followed to change, so as to well realize the scene first aid and portable purpose, whose internal configuration of medical devices can also be set according to actual requirements and have met a case of multiple uses, to suit different applications require medical treatment.
Equipment Design ; First Aid ; instrumentation

Major natural disasters seriously threaten human life and health. After earthquakes and other catastrophes, survivors are often trapped in the confined spaces caused by the collapse of ground and buildings, with relative separation from the outside world, restricted access, complex environment, and oncoming or ongoing unsafety, leading to the rescue extremely difficult. In order to save lives and improve the outcome more efficiently in the confined spaces after natural disasters, it is very important to standardize and reasonably apply the trauma assessment and first aid workflow. This study focuses on trauma assessment and first aid. From the aspects of trauma assessment, vital signs stabilization, hemostasis and bandaging, post-trauma anti-infection, and the transportation of patients, a trauma first aid work process suitable for a small space of a major natural disaster is formed, It is helpful to realize the immediate and efficient treatment of trauma in the confined spaces after natural catastrophes, to reduce the rate of death and disability and improve the outcome of patients.
Humans ; Disasters ; First Aid ; Confined Spaces ; Earthquakes

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge of elementary school teachers regarding first aid for maxillofacial trauma and the need for education on this topic in an effort to provide information for the development of teacher education programs. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 320 elementary school teachers who visited the Education and Training Center of Jeollabukdo to take training courses answered a self-administered survey. RESULTS: We found that 38.8 percent of the elementary school teachers had witnessed the occurrence of maxillofacial trauma in students. While 53.4 percent of the teachers replied that they did not have adequate knowledge of first aid for maxillofacial trauma, only 10.7 percent reported receiving this education while they served as teachers or when they were studying to be teachers at college. The teachers who had received instruction for dealing with maxillofacial trauma as teachers or as college students were 3.6-fold more likely to report that they would provide first aid for maxillofacial trauma compared with those who had not received such training. Many teachers had incorrect knowledge about how to cope with this type of trauma, indicating the need for providing correct information to this population. Finally, 99.1 percent of the elementary school teachers considered receiving education about first aid for maxillofacial trauma necessary. CONCLUSIONS: The development of teacher education programs is required to help elementary school teachers offer appropriate first aid when maxillofacial trauma occurs.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education ; First Aid* ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do

Equipment Design ; Facial Injuries ; therapy ; First Aid ; instrumentation

Defibrillator is an important first aid equipment with people attach importance to life and health in today, people pay more attention to the development of defibrillator. This paper reviews the development history of the defibrillator, gives a brief introduction to the structure and working principle of the defibrillator, and then analyzes the key technology of defibrillator, compares the mainstream products on the market and prospects the development trend of defibrillator.
Defibrillators ; Electric Countershock ; First Aid ; Humans ; Technology ; Ventricular Fibrillation ; therapy

The medical emergencies during oral diagnosis and treatment needs urgent treatment. If the emergent situations are not managed immediately and correctly, the consequences may be lethal to the patients. Due to the actuality that most of the dental clinicians are insufficient in medical first aid theoretically and practically, the Society of Stomatological Emergency, Chinese Stomatological Association organized some domestic famous dental and medical experts to write the present clinical diagnosis and treatment expert consensus on the basis of repeated discussion.The consensus aims to guide the dental clinician to take correct steps in the process of chair-side first aid in case of medical emergency, so as to reduce the risks, to prevent medical emergencies and to ensure the life safety and health of patients.
Consensus ; Dental Care ; Emergencies ; First Aid ; Humans ; Oral Medicine

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the toxicologic profiles and outcome of poisoned patients by comparing the data obtained through telephone counselling, each provided by emergency medical information center (1339) and emergency dispatch center (119). METHODS: We analyzed the telephone-based poison exposure data before and after Seoul 1339 merged to 119. We compared the Seoul 1339 call response data in 2008 with Seoul and Busan 119 call response data between 2014 and 2016. We analyzed the changes in the trend and quality of data obtained, as well as the quality of service provided by each center before and after this reallocation, by comparing the data each obtained through telephone counselling. RESULTS: The data was collected for a total of 2260 toxin exposure related calls made to Seoul 1339 in 2009, and 1657 calls to 119 in Seoul and Busan between 2014 and 2016. Significant difference was observed for age, sex, and reason for exposure to toxic substance between the two groups. CONCLUSION: After the integration of 1339 with 119, 119 focused on role of field dispatch and hospital transfer, lacking the consulting on drug poisoning. Moreover, data on exposure to toxic substances at the pre-hospital stage indicate that drug information and counseling are missing or unknown. In addition, first aid or follow-up instructions are not provided. Thus, systematic approach and management are required.
Busan ; Counseling ; Emergencies ; First Aid ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Information Centers ; Poisoning ; Seoul ; Telephone*

PURPOSE: The study investigated the educational needs and perceptions of school nurses regarding emergency situations in the school and compared differences in the educational needs and perceptions about emergency situations according to the general characteristics of school nurses. METHODS: Using a written survey of randomly selected sample, we questioned 100 school nurses over a 3-month period from January 2011 to March 2011. The survey involved 11 medical conditions and 16 injury-related conditions. It contained questions about the need for education and perceptions of emergency situations. We also determined school nurses' general characteristics including sex, age, grades of school where they worked, years of teaching career, years of clinical experience, number of classes, marital status, number of children, gender of their children, age of their children, the existence of older families. RESULTS: Two hundred two (84%) school nurses responded. For most conditions, there were significant differences between the scores of educational needs regarding, and perceptions about, emergency situations, except for three conditions (fracture of extremity, cerebral contusion, and tooth trauma). According to the general characteristics of school nurses, only the grade of school where they worked influenced the educational needs for cerebral contusion and orbital contusion. CONCLUSION: The emergency conditions that need first aid education in Korean school nurses are different from the conditions identified in other foreign countries. Primary education and promotion of first aid is considered necessary. The perceptions about emergency situations and the educational need regarding emergency situations show consistency. Only the grade of school where nurses worked affected the educational needs of school nurses. Further studies about the frequency of emergency situations in each school grade are required.
Child ; Contusions ; Emergencies ; Extremities ; First Aid ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Orbit ; Tooth

PURPOSE: For proper operation of the Seoul Emergency Medical Service Information Center, We analyzed the contents of the phone-calls made to the center. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed phone calls made to the center from Jul. 1 to Sep. 30, 2001. RESULTS: The total number of phone calls made to the center during the above-mentioned period was 42,143, and the average number of calls was 458.1+/-32.3 per day. Most calls came between 09:00 and 12:00 (85 calls, 18.6%), and hours with the fewest calls were from 03:00 to 06:00 (18 calls, 3.9%). The average length of the calls was 2 minutes 38 seconds. Most callers(25,454 calls, 60.4%) asked questions about a disease or first aid which were considered as non-urgent, and 9,586 (22.7%) asked for simple advice about a hospital or a clinic and also considered as non-urgent. There were 885 (2.1%) calls that were considered as emergent situations and there were 1,686 cases (6.7%) connected to the Rescue system 1-1-9 for the rapid evacuation. CONCLUSION: The results show that the Seoul Emergency Medical Information Center does not perform the proper functions that it should in emergent situations.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Medical Services* ; First Aid ; Information Centers* ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the retention effects of a basic life support training program for nursing students on their attitude, knowledge, and skillfulness. METHODS: A one-group repeated posttest design was employed for this study. The subjects included 44 junior nursing students from Gachon University in Incheon. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire test immediately after, 3 months after, 6 months after, and 9 months after the training respectively from May 2014 through March 2015. RESULTS: The respective attitude, knowledge and skillfulness score on BLS of the nursing students had reduced significantly at 3 months after (p<.001), 6 months after (p<.001), and 9 months after (p<.001, p=.011 for Attitudes) the training compared to immediately after the training. CONCLUSION: Re-training on basic life support for nursing students should be implemented within 3 months for retention of educational effects. Thus, it is recommended that basic life support training programs, including a curriculum for nursing students, is developed to support re-training. And it is expected that the improved skills of nursing students on basic life support would contribute to the successive first aid nursing for patients at risk of cardiac arrest.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Curriculum ; Education* ; First Aid ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Incheon ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*