No abstract available.
Developed Countries*

After briefly reviewing theories of standard setting we analyzed the problems of the current cut scores. Then, we reported the results of need assessment on the standard setting among medical educators and psychometricians. Analyses of the standard setting methods of developed countries were reported as well. Based on these findings, we suggested the Bookmark and the modified Angoff methods as alternative methods for setting standard. Possible problems and challenges were discussed when these methods were applied to the National Medical Licensing Examination.
Developed Countries ; Licensure* ; Psychometrics

No abstract available.
Developed Countries ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis A

Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Humans ; Maternal Mortality

There were some features of purchase system in developed nation, such as clear purchase objectives flexible methods, standard programming, emphasis on competition and open process. The measures suggested include playing the role of competition purchasing; establishing the e-business modern purchasing information system; establishing legislation system; and completing business purchasing.
China ; Developed Countries ; Purchasing, Hospital

Heart failure is a major clinical problem in developed countries with about half of heart failure patients exhibiting decreased left ventricular systolic function. The correct identification and prompt treatment of some specific etiologies can reverse heart failure, and recognition of myocardial recovery may avoid long-term therapy. However, the echocardiographic patterns of patients with a variety of etiologies of heart failure are similar, so the selective use of other imaging techniques is necessary for identification of specific etiologies. The role of repeat imaging in monitoring the therapeutic response is controversial, as is the cessation of medical therapy in patients demonstrating recovery.
Cardiomyopathies ; Developed Countries ; Echocardiography ; Heart Failure ; Humans

Cancer care is very complicated, and given the rapidly developing knowledge and technology related to cancer management, multidisciplinary team approach has become essential to determine the optimal treatment plan in an efficient way. It is expected to improve the clinical outcomes in cancer treatment. Multidisciplinary team approach is increasingly implemented across cancer care services throughout the world. In many developed countries, it has been a principle way of managing cancer patients and the organizing multidisciplinary teams has become a mandatory requirement. The team usually includes surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists and also radiologists. In Korea, reimbursing multidisciplinary care for cancer patients has been implemented since August 2014. From short experiences, many practical issues were raised to improve this newly established cancer care service successfully in the current medical system in Korea. This review briefly describes the potential benefits of multidisciplinary team working in cancer care and suggests the several requirements to improve the multidisciplinary care service for the future.
Developed Countries ; Humans ; Korea ; Treatment Outcome

China ; Developed Countries ; Insurance, Health ; Occupational Health

Discussion on movement of medical personnel arises as a main issue when contracting free trade agreement between two countries. It is sensitive issue for both developed and developing country in terms of their own interest; developed country requires movement of medical personnel in order to solve aging population and manpower shortage problems in certain medical fields, whereas developing countries approache this issue with the purpose of exporting health professionals and improving the quality of medical care. We have not settled mutual recognition for medical professional's license, including that of medical doctors in Free Trade Agreement. However, as the opening of service sector expands is gradually, labor exchange of medical professionals at international level is expected to be more active in the future. Therefore, preparing quality of license at developed countries' standards and post management system is urgently required. Also, we have to strive for modification of law as well as global-level qualification to assist domestic professionals to enter overseas market.
Aging ; Contracts ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Health Occupations ; Jurisprudence ; Licensure

PURPOSE: Neoplastic, infectious and calculous diseases, as well as congenital anomaly and vascular disorder of the kidney, are known to be the main indications of a nephrectomy. However, the incidences of a nephrectomy in various renal diseases differ with respect to several factors, such as the socioeconomic situation, and differences in time and regions. This study was performed to investigate the changes of the causes of a nephrectomy and the associated factors between 1980 and 2005. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All 116,535 in-patients admitted to the Urological Department of Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital from 1980 to 2005 were enrolled in this study,and divided into 3 groups, Period I from January 1980 to December 1987, Period II from January 1990 to December 1997, and Period III from January 2000 to December 2005. Of these patients, 11,565(9.9%) underwent urological operations, and 234(2.0%) were treated with a nephrectomy for various renal diseases. RESULTS: The causes for the nephrectomy in Period I were renal stones (30%), infection-inflammatory diseases(28.75%), congenital anomalies(15%), renal tumors(13.75%), renal injuries(10%), but tumors(41.7%), renal stones (21.4%), congenital anomalies(19.05%), infection-inflammatory diseases (8.3%) and renal injuries(5.6%) in Period II, and tumors(57.1%), congenital anomalies(17.1%), renal stones(14.3%), infection-inflammatory diseases (8.57%) and renal injuries(1.4%) in Period III, in that order(p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of renal tumors has increased, but those of infection-inflammatory diseases and renal injuries have decreased. Among the renal diseases requiring a nephrectomy, renal tumors were ranked in first position, but the nephrectomy rate for benign renal diseases has markedly decreased over time, which is similar to that of developed countries.
Developed Countries ; Heart ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Kidney Diseases ; Nephrectomy*