There is a strong correlation between stress and the quality of care provided by informal carers. In this regard, an accurate understanding about factors contributing to stress among informal carers is crucial in order to find appropriate interventions to solve their problems. A pilot study was conducted in October 2009 in the Klang Valley area, to test the instrument liability in the local context. In-depth interviews were conducted with two informal caregivers who are providing full-time care for their chronically-ill family members. Informal caregivers face multiple types of stress. A variety of factors such as financial problems, an unsupportive community, fatigue, the unavailability of social services to assist them and their inability to accept the fact that their loved ones are terminally ill, contribute to their stress. Differences in factors contribute to stress, and lead to the adoption of different styles of coping strategies: emotion and problem focused coping.
Patient Care ; Adaptation, Psychological

INTRODUCTION: COVID 19 has become the most important public health issue today. It has the potential to significantly affect the mental health of frontline healthcare workers (HCW) putting them at a higher risk of developing psychological problems especially to those who acquired COVID19 infection. OBJECTIVES: To determine the level of depression, stress, anxiety and coping strategies among Filipino HCWs with confirmed COVID-19 infection and its association with demographic and clinical profiles. STUDY DESIGN: Single center Descriptive study materials and methods consisted of 114 Filipino HCW with COVID 19 infection. Data were collected utilizing the Filipino translation of DASS 21 and Filipino Coping Strategy scale. RESULTS: There was a significant increase of HCWs with moderate depression, anxiety, and stress. A large proportion of the HCWs were also severely depressed, severely anxious and severely stress. Majority of the COVID19 positive HCWs were nurses accounting to 35%. More likely, the occupation was significantly associated with their degree of depression and stress. Hypertension associated significantly with elevated stress while having diabetes was instrumental for the depression, anxiety and stress. Moreover, appreciation was more felt at the workplace, then at home. While discrimination was prevalent in the community, workplace and social media. Religiosity ranked the most sought coping strategy. CONCLUSION: The study has found that a large percentage of HCWs had moderate level and a notable portion of respondents had severe to extremely severe level in each of the psychological domains in which factors such as gender, occupation, comorbidities, area of assignment and disease severity have brought significant impact. Discrimination is prevalent in the community and surprisingly in the workplace. In contrast, appreciation was felt more at home and in the workplace. Religiosity was shown to be the top coping strategy among HCWs who tested positive.
COVID-19 ; Adaptation, Psychological

Adaptation, Psychological ; Stress, Psychological ; Students, Medical

This study aims at exploring the correlation between coping strategies and thinking styles. Methods: The study sample consisted of 62 students (30 females and 32 males) from the Medical Science College in Hodeidah University, Yemen. They responded to the Scale of Coping styles and Inventory of Thinking styles quetionnaire. Results: Active coping strategy was affected significantly by legislative, local and hierarchical thinking styles, while avoidance strategy was affected significantly by oligarchic thinking styles, behavioral conducts by judicial, global and anarchic thinking styles. Significant gender differences were found in behavioral conducts (from coping strategies), anarchic and internal thinking styles with advantage with females. Conclusion: Coping strategies are not independent of thinking styles. These results offer justification and support for future research in larger samples. Potential implications of the impact of thinking styles on coping strategies are also considered.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Thinking ; Students ; Universities

Spirituality and mental adjustment have been widely adopted as coping strategies among women with breast cancer. Little information was available locally on the use of spirituality and mental adjustment as coping mechanisms to fight breast cancer. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess spirituality and mental adjustment as coping strategies and its association with socio demographic data on 216 women with breast cancer. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being (FACIT-Sp) and Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC) Scales were used to assess spirituality and mental adjustment. Negative correlation between spiritual well-being and helplessness/hopelessness (r=-0.690; p=0.000), anxious preoccupation (r=-0.277; p=0.000) and avoidance (r=-0.235; p=0.000) and positive correlation between spiritual well-being and fighting spirit (r=0.668; p=0.000) were identified. Socio-demographic factors such as race (p=0.000), religion (p=0.000), academic qualification (p=0.004) and type of surgery (p=0.016) revealed significant relationship with spiritual well-being. Fighting spirit, hopelessness/helplessness and anxious preoccupation also yielded significant relationship with race (p<0.0001), religion (p=0.001) and academic qualification (p=0.024). Helplessness/hopelessness had a significant relationship with stage of disease (p=0.017) and type of surgery (p=0.011). Meanwhile, fatalistic and avoidance showed a strong relationship with age (p=0.014, r=0.167), occupation (p=0.001) and income (p=0.006), race (p=0.007) and academic qualification (p=0.005). It is thus, concluded that spirituality and mental adjustment are two coping strategies widely adopted by Malaysian women after a breast cancer diagnosis and throughout their breast cancer journey. Women with breast cancer, therefore, should be treated holistically rather than just the disease itself.
Breast Neoplasms ; Spirituality ; Adaptation, Psychological

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify factors (pain stress, perceived stress, pain disability, fatigue, depression) strategies used by elders to cope with pain based on their type of pain belief. METHOD: Data were collected from 314 elders in community settings in Seoul from September to December of 2007. Cluster analysis, t-test, and ANOVA were used to analyze data. Result: The types of pain belief were classified as the following groups: Self-blame, Enduring & Mysterious, and Short-term & Understandable. Perceived stress (t=2.36, p=.02), social support (t=2.24, p=.03), extent of pain relief (t=2.39, p=.02), and duration of pain relief (t=2.09, p=.04) were important factors for active and passive coping in the Self-blame group. Pain stress (t=2.39, p=.01) and depression (t=-3.99, p=.00) were significantly related to the active coping in the Enduring & Mysterious group. Perceived stress (t=2.55, p=.01) was an important factor in the passive coping in the Short-term & Understandable group. CONCLUSION: Considering different types of pain belief in elders and factors that are significantly related to different coping strategies, future nursing interventions should be population specific to encourage active coping strategies and to decrease passive coping strategies.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Depression ; Fatigue ; Phosphatidylethanolamines

No abstract available.
Adaptation, Psychological* ; Conversion Disorder* ; Somatoform Disorders*

No abstract available.
Adaptation, Psychological* ; Conversion Disorder* ; Somatoform Disorders*

PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to explore the adaptation experience of adolescent cancer survivors during and after cancer treatment, and their perceived social support networks. METHODS: This study was a qualitative descriptive study using the in-depth interview. Eight adolescent cancer survivors who were diagnosed with cancer between 11 to 18 years old participated in the study. RESULTS: The adaptation experiences of adolescent cancer survivors over time were identified within five categories for during their treatment such as “being catapulted from one's life,”“standing at the center of discomfort,”“falling behind the line,”“accepting the change,”“being developed”, and another five categories for after the treatment including “being shackled,”“encountering the forgotten reality,”“overcoming and emerging from the reality,”“growing into adulthood,”“entering into a new orbit.” Participants reported the various members of their social support network and their roles during and after the treatment as well. CONCLUSION: While adolescent cancer survivors adjusted to their changing situations after the cancer diagnosis, their internalized adaptation, as well as perceived social support from their diverse surrounding network, played significant roles. These findings will become a valuable asset for developing age-appropriate nursing interventions to promote psychosocial adjustment of adolescents with cancer.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adolescent* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Nursing ; Survivors*

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess the interaction between alcohol cues and social pressure in the induction of alcohol craving. METHODS: Fourteen male patients with alcohol dependence and 14 age-matched social drinkers completed a virtual reality coping skill training program composed of four blocks according to the presence of alcohol cues (x2) and social pressure (x2). Before and after each block, the craving levels were measured using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: Patients with alcohol dependence reported extremely high levels of craving immediately upon exposure to a virtual environment with alcohol cues, regardless of social pressure. In contrast, the craving levels of social drinkers were influenced by social pressure from virtual avatars. CONCLUSION: Our findings imply that an alcohol cue-laden environment should interfere with the ability to use coping skills against social pressure in real-life situations.
Adaptation, Psychological* ; Alcoholism* ; Cues ; Education ; Humans ; Male