The completion of many malaria parasite genomes provides great opportunities for genomewide characterization of gene expression and high-throughput genotyping. Substantial progress in malaria genomics and genotyping has been made recently, particularly the development of various microarray platforms for large-scale characterization of the Plasmodium falciparum genome. Microarray has been used for gene expression analysis, detection of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number variation (CNV), characterization of chromatin modifications, and other applications. Here we discuss some recent advances in genetic mapping and genomic studies of malaria parasites, focusing on the use of high-throughput arrays for the detection of SNP and CNV in the P. falciparum genome. Strategies for genetic mapping of malaria traits are also discussed.
Animals ; *Chromosome Mapping ; DNA, Protozoan/*genetics ; Gene Dosage ; *Microarray Analysis ; Plasmodium falciparum/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic

In order to find out a valuable control measure for soil-transmitted parasties, the infectivity in mice of Ascaris eggs irradiated with Cobalt(60) were examined. The results were summarised as follows. In vitro, Ascaris eggs irradiated with larger doses of Cobalt(60) developed poorly, and no difference was found between fresh eggs and those cultured for a few days. Ascaris eggs irradiated with doses of 200,000 rad. developed at the rate of 90 percent after 4 weeks, whereas those irradiated with 1,000,000 rad. developed 28 percent. Ascaris eggs irradiated with Cobalt(60) after 2 weeks of culture were poor in development compared with those of 4 week culture. Eggs cultured for 5 weeks showed weaker infectivity in mice than those cultured for 8 weeks. In the control groups, the infectivity in mice of Ascaris eggs was remained the same between 5 and 8 weeks. The minimum dose of Cobalt(60) irradiation effective for preventing infectivity in mice was estimated to be 200,000 rad.
parasiotology ; radiology ; prevention ; Ascaris suum ; nematode ; Cobalt(60) ; irradiation

Studies of the water analysis of the breeding place of the first intermediate host(Semisulcospira libertina) was carried out. The breeding place of Semisulcospira libertina in the Haenam area were found mainly in pebbly and sandy riverbed of the upper stream and halfway up the Donghae river, but we could not find the habitats of Semisulcospira libertina in the spring, paddyfield and tidal part of flow in which the content of Cl ion, Ca ion, total alkalinity, total hardness and pH were obviously higher than those of the breeding place. The range of physical and chemical characters of the Semisulcospira libertina breeding water were as follows. 0.05-0.7 m/s of optimal flowing velocity of fresh water, 20-50 cm in depth, 7.12+/-0.17 of optimal pH range 19.4+/-4.92(mg/l)in total alkalinity, 9.4+/-2.97(mg/l) of Ca ion, 9.8+/-2.3(mg/l) of Cl ion content, 115.1+/-34.2(mg/l) of total hardness, but there were no remarkable differences between the habitat water and the contrasts in their specific gravities. In the comparison of analytical result of the breeding water at Haenam, the content of Ca ion, Cl ion, total alkalinity, total hardness and pH showed a gradually higher value in the lower reaches of the river than those of the upper stream and halfway up the river.
parasitology-snail-intermediate host ; Semisulcospira libertina ; breeding place

The 4,725 cattle in the enzootic region, 6 counties of southern Korea, were surveyed for besnoitiosis epidemiologically by examining the scleral conjunctiva for the cysts and the following results were obtained. The survey showed that 285 cattle, representing 6 per cent of a total of 4,725 cattle examined had S.C. cysts. Only 49 (14 per cent) of them showed clinical sclerodermatitis and the ratio between clinical and inapparent cases was 1:5.8. On age distribution of the S.C. positive cases the highest incidence(10-12 per cent) was seen in amimals that were from 5 to 8 years of age, but clinically apparent cases occurred much more in younger age of animal. In local incidence of S.C. cysts positive cases the prevalence was higher in the secluded districts such as Koheung and Sancheoung counties(9 per cent).
parasitology-besnoitiosis ; epidemiology ; prevalence rate ; scleral conjunctiva cyst

Author studied on the incidence of intestinal parasites with fecal examination on the out patient Pusan University Hospital, between from January to December 1969. The method employed were Formalin-Ether and flotation method in 3,510 for the prevalence rate of intestinal helminthes(Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichocephalus trichiurus, Trichostrongylus orientalis). The following results were obtained: The positive rate of intestinal helminthes of total was 65.4 percent among 3,510 persons. The infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichocephalus trichiurus, Trichostrongylus orientalis were 19.3 %, 6.5 %, 55.2 % and 46.1 %. The female (66.4%) had definitely higher infection rate than male (65.0 %). The age group of 51-60 year of the male showed highest infection rate 75.4 % and the age group 31-40 year of the female showed highest infection rate 72.9 %.
parasitology-epidemiology-helminth ; nematode ; trematode ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; hookworm ; Trichocephalus trichiurus ; Trichostrongylus orientalis

Prevalence of sparganum in the frog (Rana nigromaculata) was surveyed in Dae-jeon city and in suburbs of the city, Chungnam Do. 39 (3.9 per cent) out of 1,011 frogs were infected with the worm, and the highest prevalence rate of sparganum was found the frogs from Shintanjin area(11.3 per cent). Infection rates of sparganum were observed due to the body weight and sex of frogs. The highest infection rate of frogs, the body weight of 50 gms or more, showed 30.3 per cent(female: 41.7 per cent, male: none), on the other hand, no worm was found in young frogs(less than 10 gms). Distribution of sparganum in the frogs was recorded and 82.6 per cent of worms were distributed in the femoral intermuscular connective tissues of the hind legs. Among those infected frogs, number of worm burden was one to five worms, and 53.3 per cent of frogs were infected by only one worm.
parasitology-helminth-cestoda ; Spirometra sp. ; sparganum ; sparganosis ; epidemiology ; frog ; Rana nigromaculata

Indirect fluorescent antibody tests were performed with sera of paragonimiasis patients and skin test positive sera against Paragonimus antigen. Paragonimus antigen was prepared from lyophilized adult worms of P. westermani by defatting with ethyl-ether before extracting with barbital buffered saline. Preparation of Paragonimus antigen for the indirect fluorescent antibody test was based upon Sato's method used for sero-diagnosis of anisakiasis, with Sephadex G-25 instead of Sepharose 4B. The results were as follows: The indirect fluorescent antibody titers of paragonimiasis patient's sera ranged from 1:64 to 1:512, whereas the control sera showed titers of less than 1:16. As controls, Clonorchis patient's sera and parasite-free healthy human sera were used. In indirect fluorescent antibody tests, the skin test positive human sera against Paragonimus antigen showed a positive rate of 41.5 per cent in the case of titers more than 1:40. On the other hand, complement fixation tests on the same sera showed a positive rate of 32.5 per cent in the case of titers more than 1:20.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; paragonimiasis ; Paragonimus westermani ; diagnosis ; indirect fluorescent antibody tests ; serum ; ethyl-ether

This study was undertaken to evaluate the status of human paragonimiasis in Kang Hwa Gun, Kyunggi Do, Korea from March 1973 to October 1975 by the use of intradermal screening test with Veronal buffered saline antigen. A total number of 7,352 (male 3,936; female 3,4l6) consisting of 3,447 primary school children, 2,689 middle school students, l,008 high school students of 9 Myuns out of 13 Myuns of this County and 208 residents of all age group in Kilgeong-Ri, Yangdo Myun were examined by the intradermal test with Paragonimus antigen. In order to detect Paragonimus egg, the sputum and the stool examinations were undertaken on the residents in Kilgeong-Ri. The infestation rate of crayfish with Paragonimus metacercaria was also examined in Konneung and Jeongha village in Kilgeong-Ri. The following results were obtained in this survey: As a whole, 16.6 per cent of the examiners showed positive reaction with sexual difference of 16.1% in male and 14.8 per cent in female. In age groups, the highest positive rate showed in middle school age group (17.1 per cent) than primary school (14.0 per cent) and high school age group (11.4 per cent). In regional differences of positive rates, the highest rate (28.4 per cent) showed at Yangdo Myun followed by Kilsang Myun (27.0 per cent), Hwado Myun (25.0 per cent), and Naega Myun(20.8 per cent). In the result of 208 residents Kilgeong-Ri, the positive of 36.1 per cent in male and 20.2 per cent in female. The highest positive rate showed in 10 to 19 age group (41.5 per cent). Among the residents in Kilgeong-Ri, Paragonimus eggs were detected in 11 residents by the sputum and the stool examinations. The infestation rate of crayfsh with Paragonimus metacercariae was 100 per cent (41 out of 41 crayfishes) in Konneung village, and 84.6 per cent (9 out of 13 crayfishes) in Jeongha village, Kilgeong-Ri The fluctuation of the infection rate of crayfish with Paragonimus metacercariae was decreased in Konneung village in 2 years after the treatment with Bilevon against 10 paragonimiasis patients.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; epidemiology-paragonimiasis ; Paragonimus westermani ; crayfish-Cambaroides similis

Studies were conducted in rivers in Kyungpook Province, Korea from July 1970 to September 1974 to determine the stations where Parafossarulus manchouricus, the intermediate snail host of Clonorchis sinensis, are abundant, and the infection rates of these snails with the cercaria of Clonorchis sinensis. Snail collections were made during four consecutive summers(July to September in each year). Ten snail habitats were found. The population density of the snails per square meter of the river bottom ranged from 25 to 250. The highest population of snails was encountered at the Dong-chon station. Cercaria studies by means of the immersing and crushing technics indicated surprisingly low rate of Clonorchis sinensis infection among the snails examined. The proportion of infected snails in Kyungpook Province was 0.8 per thousand of all snails examined. Results indicated that the Parafossarulus manchouricus exists in limited areas within the rivers under study and the infection of the snail with the cercaria of Clonorchis sinensis is very low.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Parafossarulus manchouricus ; snail ; epidemiology

In order to find a highly efficient compound against Clonorchis infection, the anthelmintic activity of disophenol, Tremerad (SYD-230), dithiazanine iodide, dehydroemetine-late-release tablets(RO 1-9334/20), niridazole (Ambilhar), hexachlorophene (G-11), Hetol(1, 4-bis-trichloromethylbenzol) and Bilevon (niclofolan) was tested against Clonorchis sinensis experimentally infected rabbits. All drugs showed a progressive increase in efficacy as the dose rate. They were highly efficient against Clonorchis infection if sufficiently high, potentially toxic doses were given. The efficacy was evaluated by the number of detected worms with vital condition at autopsy after the treatment with above drugs. The high efficacy was observed at the following dose rates of each drugs, i.e. disophenol at a single dose of 30 mg/kg, Tremerad at the daily dose of 200 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days, dithiazanine iodide at the daily dose of 50 mg/kg for 6 consecutive days, dehydroemetine at the daily dose of 10 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days, hexachlorophene at the daily dose of 20 mg/kg for 10 to 15 consecutive days, Hetol at the daily doses from 50 to 100 mg/kg for 5 to 10 consecutive days, and Bilevon at a single dose of 8 mg/kg. Moderate effectiveness was shown in niridazole at the dose of 25 mg/kg for 10 days medication. The use of these anthelmintics for the clinical treatment of Clonorchis sinensis infection is discussed.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; chemotherapy-Clonorchis sinensis ; clonorchiasis-rabbit ; disophenol ; Tremerad (SYD-230) ; dithiazanine iodide ; dehydroemetine-late-release tablets(RO 1-9334/20) ; niridazole (Ambilhar) ; hexachlorophene (G-11) ; Hetol(1, 4-bis-trichloromethylbenxol) ; Bilevon (niclofolan)