Endocrine therapy is one of the important treatments of adjuvant therapy among patients with positive hormone receptor breast cancer.In the endocrine therapy setting,5 years of tamoxifen therapy has been the standard treatment regimen for premenopausal patients.In recent years,this standard has been challenged.The results of many large randomized clinical trials have made a new choice for adjuvant endocrine therapy in premenopausal patients.In this paper,we review the present situation of endocrine therapy in premenopausal patients with positive hormone receptor breast cancer.

CBX protein(chromoboxin protein homolog)is an important member of PcG(polycombe group proteins)family protein,and PcG protein is an epigenetic regulatory complex that exists in the form of polymeric transcriptional inhibitory complexes PRCs.PcG protein can modify the target gene to transcript chromatin and plays an important role in stem cell differentiation and tumorigenesis and metastasis.The CBX protein family is an important member of the classic PRC1.Recent studies have focused on the different functions of CBX in stem cells,further demonstrating the composition and function of CBX.From more evidence,CBX plays an important role in tumorigenesis and development.This review summarizes the current advances in the study of CBX family members in tumors.

Tamoxifen(TAM)is an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of estrogen receptor(ER)-positive breast cancer.However,tamoxifen resistance is a major cause of endocrine therapy failure.The potential mechanism of TAM resistance is multifactorial and most of them are still unknown.This review presents recent advances in the mechanism of TAM resistance in breast cancer,providing valuable information and ideas for elucidating the mechanism of tamoxifen resistance and overcoming drug resistance.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is a rare malignant tumor with strong invasive ability and high malignancy.It is difficult to early diagnose and the radical surgery is hard.The prognosis is very poor with the median survival of six months approximately.The surgery is a primary treatment.For patients who can not be treated by surgery radiotherapy which is a feasble way.Respectively at a certain extent can improve the control rate,however chemotherapy does not show obvious advantages.

Inflammation has a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer.lymphocyte and monocyte play an important role in inflammatory reaction,reflecting body immune status.In recent years,more and more clinical studies have shown that pretreatment of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio(LMR)in the patients with malignant tumor may have a certain value in evaluating the prognosis of cancer patients such as nasopharyngeal cancer,esophageal cancer,breast cancer,ovarian cancer,lung cancer,gastric cancer,colorectal cancer,etc.This article reviews the latest research progress on the value of LMR in the evaluation of the prognosis of the patients with malignant tumor.

Surgery,hypothermia,blood transfusion,pain,anxiety,the choice of anesthesia drugs and anesthetic techniques can affect the patient's immunolosical function.Especially for cancer patients,inhibition of the perioperative immunolosical function can make the residual tumor cell metastasis and recurrence,affecting long-term prognosis and reducing quality of life.Therefore,clinicians need to evaluate and improve immunolosical function in cancer patients by several aspects.

In recent years,some studies have been shown that proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)not only play a role in digestive diseases,but it also has an important role in the treatment of breast cancer.PPIs,including omeprazole,pantoprazole,lansoprazole,esomeprazole,etc,improve the effect of breast cancer chemotherapy and induce breast cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting intracellular proton excretion and increasing intracellular pH.This preview summarizes the study progress of PPIs in breast cancer and the potential application of PPIs in the treatment of breast cancer.

Absent in melanoma 2(AIM2),as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor,can perceive the cytoplasmic dsDNA which released by the cells infected with DNA virus or bacteria.AIM2 will be raised by Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD to produce inflammation complex,activate of Caspase-1,promote the maturation,and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18,or lead to pyroptosis.AIM2 plays an importation role in initiating immunity.Recent research shows that AIM2 has an influence on the occurrence and progress in tumor,it acts as a tumor suppressor and inhibits tumor progression in liver and breast carcinoma;However,AIM2 shows the carcinogenic effect of promoting tumor development on cervical carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma.These results contribute to the diagnosis and prognosis of malignant tumor.

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the differences between Volumetric Modulated Arc Radiotherapy(VMAT)and Fixed Field dynamic Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy(dIMRT)in dose distribution of target and organ at risk and treatment time,and to provide basis for clinical treatment.Methods Ten patients with postoperative of cervical carcinoma were selected,VMAT and seven fields dIMRT plans were designed for each patient in Monaco 5.11 planning system.We compared the differences of dose distribution of target and organ at risk,monitor units and treatment time between VMAT and 7dIMRT.Results The average dose of target for VMAT plan(46.86 Gy)was higher than that of 7dIMRT plan(46.68 Gy)(P<0.05).The percentage of the V10 and V20 of rectum and the V30 of small intestine in VMAT plan was 0.63%,3.34% and 4.14% higher than that in 7dIMRT plan,respectively(P<0.05).The conformal index(CI),homogeneity index(HI)of PTV and the other exposure dose of organ at risk for both plans were no significant differences.The average monitor units and treatment time of VMAT plan were 13.4% and 50.6% than that of 7dIMRT plan,respectively(P<0.05).Conclusion The dose distribution of VMAT plan is better or equal to that of 7dIMRT plan,but the monitor units and treatment time of VMAT plan is decreased significantly,we suggest that VMAT plan should be used for postoperative of cervical carcinoma in clinical.

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the levels of serum miR-21 and miR-34a in patients with advanced gastric cancer before and after Folfox chemotherapy and its relationship with chemotherapy efficacy.Methods Forty-five patients with advanced gastric cancer who underwent Folfox chemotherapy were enrolled from May 2015 to October 2015.The levels of miR-21 and miR-34a were analyzed by Real-time PCR before and after chemotherapy.The relationship between miR-21 and miR-34a levels and chemotherapy efficacy was analyzed.The predictive values of miR-21 and miR-34a on the efficacy of chemotherapy were evaluated by the receiver operating curve(ROC).Results After chemotherapy,6 cases(13.33%)were relieved,10 cases(22.22%)were stable disease(SD),29 cases(64.44%)were disease progress(PD),the objective response rate(ORR)was 13.33%,the disease control rate(DCR)was 35.56%,the median survival time was 8.1 months.The level of miR-21 was down-regulated and up-regulation for miR-34a after chemotherapy.They were statistically significant(P<0.05).The level of miR-21 in the chemotherapy group was lower than that in the ineffective group,and the level of miR-34a was higher than that of the ineffective group(P<0.05).MiR-21 was negatively correlated with the efficacy of chemotherapy(rs=-0.431,P<0.05),while miR-34a was positively correlated with it(rs=0.504,P<0.05).The median survival time was 7.6 months for low-level patients with miR-21 and 6.0 months for high-level patients.The median survival time of miR-34a patients was 5.5 months,compared with 8.3 months for high-level patients,with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).The Log-Rank test showed that the median survival of patients with low miR-21 was higher than that of patients with high miR-21(P<0.05).The median survival of patients with high miR-34a was higher than that of patients with low miR-34a(P<0.05).The miR-21 combined with miR-34a in predicting chemotherapy efficacy under the curve(AUC)was 0.865,the sensitivity was 80.9% and the specificity was 89.8%.Conclusion miR-21 and miR-34a are correlated with chemotherapy efficacy median survival time of patients with advanced gastric cancer.