Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system that can create direct connection between brain activity and external devices. In the past 20 years, important' achievements of research on BCI have been made. Now there are lots of research methods based on electroencephalic signals, and researchers are trying to make the BCI system possess the characteristics of real-time and become more natural and practical. This paper presents an overview of real-time and stimulating way to EEG-based BCI research. Through the discussions on the applications of DSP in BCI system, in signal preprocessing and in algorithm optimization, the high lights in real-time research are pointed out. In the discussions about the way to produce EEG signals in BCI, the researchers suggested that the imaging movement be the most ideal way in that it will reduce the discomfort in stimulation by application of the virtual reality technology in BCI system, thus it will be conducive to improvement in the performance of BCI system.
Brain ; physiology ; Communication Aids for Disabled ; Electroencephalography ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Man-Machine Systems ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; User-Computer Interface

Severe hepatitis B is an infectious disease which has high case fatality rate and is seriously harmful to human health. Its pathogenesis is complicated. In this article are reviewed the research reports on the virus and the host factors in the course of severe hepatitis B in recent years, including the advancement of researches on viral genotypes, viral mutations, immune responses and cytokines. These data are available for exploring the pathogenesis and for developing the clinical treatment of severe hepatitis B in future.
Animals ; Cytokines ; genetics ; Hepatitis B ; genetics ; immunology ; pathology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation

Atomic force microscopy is a rather new type of nano microscopic technology. It has some advantages, such as high resolution (sub-nano scale); avoidance of special sample preparation; real-time detection of samples under nearly physiological environment; in situ study of samples under water environment; feasibility of investigating physical and chemical properties of samples at molecular level, etc. In recent years, the application of atomic force microscopy in protein study has brought about outstanding achievements. In this paper are introduced the principle and operation modes of atomic force microscopy, also presented are its application in protein imaging, adsorption, folding-and-unfolding, assembly, and single molecular recognition. Additionally, the future application of atomic force microscopy in protein study is prospected.
Animals ; Humans ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Unfolding ; Proteins ; chemistry ; ultrastructure

Observation of microcirculation plays an important role on the basic research and clinical diagnosis. However, an observation as such on the anesthetized patient will cause stress reaction, thus it will affect normal physiological state and interfere experimental results. At present, a method adopting dorsal microcirculatory chamber (DMC) to do in vivo observation in an unanesthetized state can eliminate the influence of anesthesia. Based on the research reports and practical applications of this method abroad, we summarize, in here, the configuration, function, observation techniques; the application of DMC; and the research states of microcirculation observation.
Animals ; Back ; blood supply ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Diffusion Chambers, Culture ; Humans ; Microcirculation ; physiology ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods ; Skin ; blood supply

The development of automatic drug delivery is reviewed in this paper. The control-relevance of models, the relevant algorithm, the system running and the simulation effect are introduced. The value for clinical application of each case is assessed. The new advances and high-lights of researches are discussed.
Algorithms ; Drug Delivery Systems ; instrumentation ; Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods

Hyperthermia is a significant and promising technique for tumor treatment. Temperature is the key parameter which influences the treatment effectiveness. Therefore, real-time and precise noninvasive temperature monitoring is the pivotal issue in further development of hyperthermia. This paper introduced the noninvasive monitoring theories and techniques of hyperthermia based on ultrasonic image texture features, and reviewed the achievements both abroad and at home. In addition, some problems to be solved necessary were also pointed out.
Animals ; Body Temperature ; Humans ; Hyperthermia, Induced ; methods ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods ; Neoplasms ; therapy ; Thermometers ; Ultrasonics ; methods

Microfluidic chip is a novel technology platform, in which microchannels are fabricated in different materials. The ability to precisely control the microflows makes it possible to mimic the microenvironment of cells in physiological or pathological states, which provides many distinct advantages for cell research. In this paper are reviewed the design and fabrication of microfluidic chip, the application of microfluidic chip in cell culture and cell researches; the enormous advantages of microfluidic chips in precise experimental control of the cellular microenvironment are introduced.
Cell Adhesion ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Cellular Microenvironment ; Humans ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ; methods

A hydrophobic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) adsorbent was synthesized with lauric acid and chitosan. The condition for adsorption was obtained by investigating the influence of adsorbent amount and adsorption time. The results of adsorption in vitro showed that the average adsorption rates for total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and total protein (TP) were 47.7%, 84.7%, 18.1% and 5.9% respectively. The adsorbent possesses good selectivity in removing LDL-C.
Adsorption ; Blood Component Removal ; methods ; Chitosan ; chemistry ; Cholesterol, LDL ; blood ; isolation & purification ; Lauric Acids ; chemistry

The development and application of the portable device for cardiac remote monitoring are introduced in this paper. The portable device can supply real-time heart monitoring to the users out of the hospital The device collects, records, displays and analyzes ECG, and transmits ECG to the hospital through GPRS and Internet. When cardiac arrhythmia or ischemic heart disease is found, the device can give a warning of heart trouble in time. The device is convenient to carry and easy to use. It can be widely used for monitoring heart diseases in patients outside the hospitals.
Electrocardiography ; instrumentation ; Heart Diseases ; diagnosis ; Home Care Services ; Humans ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; instrumentation ; methods ; Telemetry ; instrumentation ; methods

Denoising is an important issue for medical image processing. In this paper, a fast CBCT denoising method was proposed: CBCT images were transformed into wavelet domain with dyadic wavelet transform. According to the inter-scale relationship of wavelet coefficient magnitude sum in cone of influence (COI), wavelet coefficients were classified into two categories, then different types of coefficient were denoised by different wiener filtering based on direction window at all levels, and a new noise variation estimating method more suitable for CBCT images was proposed. Experimental results of a test image and a clinical CBCT image show that this algorithm is superior to the conventional method for wavelet shrinkage denoising. This algorithm can suppress noise in CBCT images effectively and keep up the important structure details for diagnosis, thus providing a new approach for real-time denoising clinical CBCT images.
Algorithms ; Artifacts ; Artificial Intelligence ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; methods ; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Radiographic Image Enhancement ; methods ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted