Pulmonary arterial hypertension is the result of a variety of heart,lung disease and finally leads to right heart failure and death.Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by the progressive increasing of artery pressure and the gradually increasing of pulmonary vascular resistance,and its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated.Recent studies have found that transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic protein pathway plays an important role in pulmonary arterial hypertension.The research about transforming growth factor betal bone morphagenetic protein pathway provides a new theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.This review focuses on progress of transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic protein pathway and genetic mechanisms of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

The pathogenesis of viral myocarditis is still not completely clear all over the world now.However,the damage to the body caused by the viral myocarditis has been highlighted and its pathogenesis has become a research hot spot.With the development of immunology and molecular biology,the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis has made great breakthrough.Many scholars advocate that the course of viral myocarditis should be divided into three phases:viral replication,immune response and inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy.This review summarizes the progress of the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis from the above three phases through reviewing previous articles,aiming to provide new evidence and references for clinical diagnosis and therapy of viral myocarditis.

Constipation is a common clinical symptom caused by different pathological and physiologi-cal factors.Because children are different age,the main reason for constipation is also different.The analysis should be carried out by different age groups.The cause and characteristic of constipation in different age child-hood are further explored and analyzed in the article in order to provide reference for diagnosis and to help treat-ment.

Iron deficiency could cause hemoglobin synthesis decrease,and then lead to iron deficiency a-nemia(IDA).The present study has found that incorrect feeding,gastrointestinal disease and deficiency of trace elements are high risks of IDA.Whether febrile seizure is associated with IDA is still controversial.Recent re-search has discovered that infant iron deficiency can lead to poor cognitive inhibitory control,while delayed cord clamping and other measures can effectively prevent IDA in children.Discontinuous complement iron agent can also achieve good effect on treatment.

IL-17,as a pro-inflammatory cytokine,is one of the early initiation factors of the inflammato-ry response induced by T cells.It can induce and regulate multiple immune responses.Recent studies have re-vealed that myeloid neutrophils,macrophage,mast cell and other innate immune cells all can secrete large a-mount of early responding IL-17 in organs suffering ischemia/hypoxia,and in turn can activate,amplify and re-cruit neutrophils to the reperfusion-damaged tissue to release large amount of free radicals and lysozyme that cause IRI.Researchers have also provided evidence that appropriate administration of anti-IL-17 mono-antibody to neutralize IL-17 during early reperfusion stage would reduce the tissue damage.The purpose of this review is to summarize the research progress of the effects of IL-17 produced by innate immunocyte on organ reperfusion injury.

Sleep apnea includes obstructive sleep apnea,central sleep apnea and mixed sleep apnea.Ob-structive sleep apnoea syndrome(OSAS)is affecting up to 5.7% of children,which hss adverse impact on growth,development cognitive and behavioral outcomes,and untreated OSAS increases cardiovascular risk,so paying closer attention to childhood OSAS early diagnosis and treatment seems more important.First-line treat-ment in OSAS children is adenotonsillectomy,although other treatment options available include continuous posi-tive airways pressure,anti-inflammatory therapies,airway adjuncts and orthodontic appliances.Central sleep ap-nea may be related to respiratory regulation center immaturity or dysplasia.Central sleep apnea may be hereditary or acquired.Therefore,the treatment of central sleep apnea should be focused on primariy etiology.

It is recognized that the increasing prevalence of diastolic heart failure in adults has signifi-cantly worsen the quality of life and shorten lifespan.However,the assessment and diagnostic criterion of dias-tolic heart failure in children is controversial.The diagnosis and treatment of DHF are mainly based on small samples of clinical research and clinical experience.There is no effective treatment plan of diastolic heart failure from evidence-based medicine.In this article,we review the progress of diastolic heart failure in children in as-pects of its pathological mechanism,clinical manifestations,function evaluation,diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To analyze the correlation between fetal right aortic arch and chromosome ab-normality by ultrasound.Methods From January Jan 2009 to Dec 2014,nineteen cases with fetal right aortic arch were enrolled.They were all determined by chromosome karyotype analysis.The correlation of fetal right aortic arch and chromosome abnormalities detected by ultrasound were evaluated.Results Left lock,a “U”shaped vascular structure,were found in 15 cases.One case of fetal aortic arch was surrounded by a “O”shaped package.Three cases of right aortic arch showed fetal left artery catheter and brachiocephalic artery ima-ging branch.Echocardiography mainly for arterial catheter in three vessel trachea view did not show up.Artery catheter,in front of the trachea,did not form the vascular ring.Nineteen cases of right aortic arch were exam-ined by fetal karyotype analysis.Three patients with trisomy 18-karyotype presented ventricular septal defect, single artium,three tricuspid atresia,pulmonary artery stenosis.Four cases with trisomy 18-karyotype presen-ted ventricular septal defect,complete atrioventricular canal,single artium,double outlet right ventricle,pul-monary artery stenosis in atresia.Three cases with trisomy 21 -karyotype showed single ventricle,single atri-um.One case was with tetralogy of Fallot and one case with dextrocardia,aortic stenosis,accompanied by 22q 1 1.2.Conclusion In prenatal ultrasound screening,we should pay attention to three vessels-trachea view on ultrasound image,which can improve the detection rate of right aortic arch.Fetal right aortic arch and triso-my 18-,trisomy 21 -,chromosomal diseases are substantially correlated.Further analysis of chromosome kary-otype is needed to exclude chromosomal lesions,so as to achieve the purpose of prenatal and postnatal care.

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis(MPGN)is immune pathological diagnosis,and it has all sorts of clinical manifestations,poor prognosis and high case fatality rate.The latest classification of MPGN is divided into immunecomplex-mediated and complement-mediated.On the basis of the potential patho-physiology,its related causes can be assessed in order to choose a more appropriate treatment method.Long alter-nate day glucocorticoid-therapy is beneficial to idiopathic MPGN in children.Biological agents used in the treat-ment of MPGN has made great progresses.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD)is a fatal muscular wasting disease in children.Because of various factors such as DMDˊs low incidence,quick progression,limited knowledge of this disease,and treat-ment outcomes of respiratory failure,heart failure has become the leading cause of death in these patients.Early diagnosis and treatment is essential for prolonging the survival time and improving the quality of life.This review describes recent progress in the study of epidemiology,pathogenesis,early diagnosis,prevention and treatment of cardiac injury in patients with DMD.