No abstract available.
Humans ; Insulin

No abstract available.
Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms

No abstract available.
Chimerism ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Gland

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor

No abstract available.
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor

Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the male breast caused by the proliferation of glandular breast tissue. Determining the various causes of gynecomastia such as physiological causes, drugs, systemic diseases, and endocrine disorders is important. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare endocrine disorder presenting with gynecomastia and is a disorder of male sexual differentiation caused by mutations within the androgen receptor gene. All individuals with AIS have the 46 XY karyotype, although AIS phenotypes can be classified as mild, partial or complete and can differ among both males and females including ambiguous genitalia or infertility in males. We experienced a case of partial AIS presenting with gynecomastia and identified the androgen receptor gene mutation.
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome* ; Breast ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Female ; Gynecomastia* ; Humans ; Infertility ; Karyotype ; Male ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Androgen ; Sex Differentiation

Neuroendocrine lesions of the thyroid are rare. The most common types are medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) and C-cell hyperplasia. MTCs originate from thyroid parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin which serves as a serum marker of MTCs. Here, the rare case of a calcitonin-negative neuroendocrine tumor (NET) derived from follicular lesions of the thyroid is described. A 34-year-old man presented at our hospital for the surgical management of an incidental thyroid nodule that was observed on an ultrasound sonography (USG) of the neck. Initially, USG-guided aspiration cytology was performed, and a MTC was suspected. The expressions of thyroglobulin and thyroid transcription factor-1, which are thyroid follicular cell markers, and synaptophysin and chromogranin A, which are neuroendocrine markers, was confirmed following surgical pathology. However, the staining of calcitonin, a marker of MTCs, was not observed. A nonmedullary NET of the thyroid is uncommon, and the distinction between calcitonin-negative NETs and MTCs of the thyroid may be important due to differences in their clinical courses and management.
Adult ; Calcitonin ; Carcinoma, Medullary ; Chromogranin A ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Neck ; Neuroendocrine Tumors* ; Pathology, Surgical ; Synaptophysin ; Thyroglobulin ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroid Nodule ; Ultrasonography ; Biomarkers

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut-derived incretin hormone that increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Since mitochondrial function is crucial to insulin secretion, we hypothesized that GLP-1 may increase mitochondrial biogenesis in pancreatic beta-cells. We treated INS-1 rat insulinoma cells with GLP-1 or exendin-4 for 48 hours and measured mitochondrial mass and function. Both GLP-1 and exendin-4 increased mitochondrial mass by approximately 20%. The mitochondria/cytosol ratio was increased from 7.60+/-3.12% to 10.53+/-2.70% by exendin-4. In addition, GLP-1 increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption. Proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha expression was increased approximately 2-fold by GLP-1 treatment. In conclusion, the present study presents evidence for a new mechanism of action by which GLP-1 improves pancreatic beta-cell function via enhanced mitochondrial mass and performance.
Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1* ; Incretins ; Insulin ; Insulinoma* ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria ; Organelle Biogenesis* ; Oxygen Consumption ; Rats*

No abstract available.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Diagnostic Errors* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms*