Therapeutic alliance is one of the most popular topics in psychological counseling and psychotherapy research,but the concept of it is not unified.Despite of its various versions,most scholars regard it as an important relationship variable,emphasizing the agreement between therapist and patient as to the goals and tasks of treatment,and the affective bond established in the therapeutic dyad.Related research show that the characteristics of therapist and patient,and the interaction in this therapeutic dyad are the related factors on the formation and development of therapeutic alliance,which constitutes a major clinical variable in explaining and predicting the course and outcome of treatments.Future researches should further clarify the related factors of therapeutic alliance,expand the clinical applications of therapeutic alliance and strengthen the exploration of indigenization.

Psychotherapy is a kind of medical treatments based on interpersonal interaction that is highly context-dependent.While psychotherapy is an important treatment in clinical work and its effectness has been confirmed with wide practical application,its adverse effects has received little attention.This article will review the literaturesand discuss the possible side effects and relatedfactors of psychotherapy.

This study discussed how to make a cognitive behavioral therapy-orientated case formulation for the client who was diagnosed as adjustment disorder,and also the importance of the role of case formulation in guiding the whole counseling process.Four months before the client asked for psychological help,he gradually showed symptoms of depression,insomnia,work inefficiency and being suspicious of self-capacity because of the promotion and the change of supportive system.We did the psychological counseling aiming at his cognitive,emotional and behavioral problems.In addition,the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI),Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDs) were used to evaluate his emotional condition before,after and during the counseling.Results demonstrated that the client's emotional,cognitive and social functions were significantly improved,achieving the expected goals.In conclusion,the cognitive behavioral therapy-orientated case formulation for adjustment disorder could effectively guide the counseling practice.

The majority of current crisis intervention models are stage models.However,it is not certain that crisis intervention follows a linear process,and fixed procedure of stage models therefore may not provide efficient or effective crisis intervention.Task models,on the other hand,emphasize flexibility in crisis intervention by presenting main components,including three continuous tasks (i.e.,assessmem,safety,and support) and 4 focused tasks (i.e.,contact,re-establishing control,problem solving,and follow up).This theoretical framework may be helpful in creating standard practices of crisis intervention,examining the effectiveness of intervention plans,and providing guidance and training to counselors and researchers.

This article adopts an ecologistic perspective to analyze the regularity of psychological phenomena,examine the mechanisms of psychological problems and mental disorders,and discuss the process of psychological counseling and therapy.The author proposes that the practice of counseling and psychotherapy should be directed with an ecological view.A practitioner needs to not only focus on the problems and symptoms,but also consider the restoration and development of the personality foundation of the individuals who seek for help.A practitioner should not only pay attention to visitors'psychological defects,but also try to assist the development of their positive characters which could alleviate symptoms,and promote the construction of their outer environments that are beneficial for psychological rehabilitation.

Objects:To investigate the current situation of counselors'implementation and their attitude to informed consent in Beijing.Methods:Eleven counselors who worked in Beijing were interviewed,the average of their working years was (7.4 ± 4.4).A semi-structured interview was used to learn about their practicing processes in and viewpoints on informed consent,and their interview transcripts were analyzed through qualitative method.Results:The results could be categorized into four categories,including the content of informed consent,the influential factors of informed consent,problems and confusions,and the significance of informed consent.The crucial role of informed consent in psychotherapy was generally recognized by counselors,and they could obey the related rules as well.The therapists had some confusion and problems about informed consent,such as the form and length,the consent for special population and online consultation.Conclusion:Basically,the counselors in Beijing could comply with the ethical standards of informed consent.However,they also suggest that certain limitations of these rules should be noticed.

Objective:To investigate the use of psychological testing in hospital and its potential existent ethical issues.Methods:Eleven psychometricians from 6 specialized and 5 general hospitals accepted a semi-structural interview.With (10.8 ± 8.8) years of experiences on average in this field,they tested 2 to 30 patients each day.Content analysis was used to investigate the psychometricians' qualification,usage of tests,informed consent,scoring,explanation and preservation.Results:Normally,the number of psychometricians in one hospital varied from 1 to 4.Out of 11 interviewees,2 were unqualified.Three of the interviewees pointed out there were non-standard circumstances when some doctors choosing the tests.Six of them thought that the frequently used tests' norms were obsolete.Eight interviewees considered that comparatively low psychometric fee influenced their devotion of explaining the results.Conclusion:In hospital,it's necessary to strength the ethical awareness of decision-makers and executors in psychological testing.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of individualized cognitive behavioral therapy for unprotected sex and sexual attitude of middle school students having unprotected sex.Methods:A target sample of 68 adolescents having unprotected sex was recruited from 4 secondary schools in Changsha,Hunan [the unprotected sex (US) score of Health-Risk Behavior Inventory for Chinese Adolescents (HBICA) ≥ 1].Subjects were randomized assigned to cognitive behavioral therapy group (CBT group) and control group.Each group had 34 subjects.The CBT group was giving one-on-one counseling for 6 weeks (50 to 60 minutes weekly).The control group didn't receive intervention by counselors.The US and Attitudes Toward Sexuality Scale (ATSS) were selected as criterion measurements.Outcome assessments were made at baseline and at 1-and 3-month follow-up.Results:The reduction rate of US scores showed that the response rate of therapy was over 80％.Mixed linear model analysis showed that there were significant group effect,time effect and group × time effect in scores of US and ATSS (Ps ＜ 0.05).Simple effect analysis indicated that the scores of US and ATSS of CBT group were significant lower than those of baseline from 1-month follow-up [(2.2 ± 2.9) vs.(4.7 ± 3.1),(3.2 ± 1.6) vs.(4.7 ± 3.1);(38.2 ± 4.9) vs.(40.9 ±5.1),(37.2 ±5.4) vs.(40.9 ±5.1),Ps ＜0.01],whereas the scores of those in the control group did not show any significant difference (Ps ＞0.05).At l-month and 3 month follow-up,moderate effect sizes were found for the CBT and control groups on all the outcome measures (Cohen's d =0.50-0.70).Conclusion:The individualized cognitive behavioral therapy could effectively reduce the level of unprotected sex and sexual attitude of adolescents having unprotected sex.

Objective:To learn the cognition and attitudes of psychometric ethics of graduate students whose major was clinical psychology or counseling psychology,and to investigate whether ethics training could influence their cognition and attitude.Methods:Researchers distributed the questionnaire online regarding cognition and attitudes of psychometric ethics among clinical and counseling psychology graduate students.Seventy-six feedbacks were collected (4 students were learning ethics courses,27 students had learned ethics courses,45 students hadnt learned ethics courses).The questionnaire included the Psychometric Cognition Questionnaire (PCQ),Situational Judgement Questionnaire (SJQ) and Psychometric Attitude Questionnaire (PAQ).The first two sets of questionnaires reflected ethics knowledge.The last one showed ethics attitudes and behavioral tendencies.Results:The correct rates in participants who had learned or were learning ethics were 76.5％ and 75.1％ at the first and second set of questionnaires,while were 73.9％ and 74.2％ in other participants.The correct rates of three major clauses in PCQ were 90.3％,67.7％ and 74.2％,significantly higher than participants who never learned ethics,whose correct rates were 88.9％,66.7％,and 44.4％ (Ps ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in SJQ between those who had learned or was learning ethics and those who had never learned ethics (Ps ＞0.05).Participants who had learned or were leaning ethics scored in sum in PAQ that had no significant differences with those who had never learned ethics(Ps ＞ 0.05).Conclusion:Clinical and counseling psychology graduate students master considerable level of knowledge on ethics and attitude.Ethics training is essential for acquiring psychometric ethics.

Objective:To investigate the effect of prison police's job burnout on their life satisfaction and the role of psychological detachment between them.Methods:Questionnaire survey was conducted among 253 prison policemen in Henan Province with the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS,including emotional exhaustion,cynicism,and reduced personal accomplishment),Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Psychological Detachment Questionnaire (PDQ).Results:The MBI-GS total scores and the scores of its three dimensions were negatively correlated with SWLS scores (r ＝-0.41,-0.38,-0.36,-0.21,Ps ＜0.001),PDQ scores were negatively correlated with MBI-GS total scores and emotional exhaustion scores (r ＝-0.21,-0.31,Ps ＜ 0.001),but positively correlated with SWLS scores (r ＝ 0.22,P ＜ 0.001).Psychological detachment played a moderating role between job burnout and life satisfaction (β ＝ 0.58,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion:It suggests that prison police's job burnout may reduce their life satisfaction,and psychological detachment can moderate the influence of job burnout on life satisfaction.