The aim of this cross-sectional study is to determine the prevalence of congenital colour vision defects among male secondary school students in Al-Madinah Al-Munawara city, Saudi Arabia. A total of 1154 male secondary school students were selected randomly through a multi-stage sampling method. Ishihara 24-plates was used to screen for colour blindness. The overall prevalence of congenital colour vision defects was 3.3% with 1% protanopes and 2.3% deuteranopes. The prevalence of congenital colour vision defect among Saudis was 2.48% and (5.48%) among non-Saudis. In conclusion, the prevalence of congenital colour vision defect among male secondary school students of Al-Madinah Al-Munawara city is comparable to previously reported in central Saudi Arabia, but lower than for Caucasian.
congenital ; colour vision deficiency ; Ishihara colour testing ; prevalence ; Saudi Arabia ; protanopes ; deuteranopes.

ntroduction: This study aimed to investigate the association between obesity, sedentary behaviour, television (TV) watching, small screen recreation (SSR), and perinatal life influences (breast-feeding, birth weight) among Jordanian school children. Methods: A total of 117 school children (56 obese and 61 normal weight) aged between 11 and 15 years were selected by using multistage cluster sampling method. Parents were requested to complete the first part of a questionnaire on family background,while the second part on adolescent sedentary behaviour was completed by the participants in the school. Anthropometric data were collected and presence of fat mass (%FM) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: Sedentary behaviour (hours/day) was significantly higher in obese school children compared to normal weight (4.43±0.60, 3.29±0.68, respectively; P <0.05), and positively associated with BMI (r=0.270, P<0.05). Normal weight children spent less time on watching TV (hours/day) compared to obese children (2.01±0.10, 2.34±0.16, respectively; P<0.05), and spent 2.55±1.6 (hours/day) in small screen recreation (SSR) compared to 3.89±1.0 (hours/day) of obese children. Both watching TV and SSR was significantly associated with BMI (r=0.260, r=0.201, respectively; P<0.05). Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (months) was significantly higher in normal weight than obese children (7.70±3.01, 5.05±2.01, respectively; P<0.05), and negatively associated with BMI (r=-0.254) and %FM (r =-0.330). Conclusion: Sedentary behaviour and watching TV were important risk factors for obesity among 11-15 years old Jordanian school children. A national policy promoting active living and reducing sedentary behaviour among school children is recommended.

Maxillary labial and buccal frena are considered as normal anatomic structures in the oral cavity. However, they may exist intraorally as a thick broad fibrous attachment and/or become located near the crest of the residual ridge, thus interfering with proper denture border extension resulting in inferior denture stability, retention and overall patient satisfaction. This case report highlights the importance of clinical examination and treatment planning which may mandate preprosthetic surgery prior to fabrication of a new conventional complete denture. Adequate patient satisfaction with conventional complete dentures can be significantly increased after frenectomy.
Aged ; Denture Retention ; Denture, Complete ; Dentures ; Humans ; Mouth ; Patient Satisfaction ; Retention (Psychology)

Plasma renin activity, angiotensin Ⅱ, Aldosterone and cortisol in 380 healthy subjects were measured by radioim-munoassay at 10, 3700 and 4300 metres above sea level. The results showed as follows: Firstly, no significant difference was noted between Tibetan and Han residents at high altitudes with reference to these four parameters. Secondly, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and adrenocortical function in residents at high altitude revealed hypofunction. Thirdly, the responsiveness of aldosterone to renin declined gradually with increasing altitude, and slope declined as well. These changes might be considered as a chronic adaptive mechanism in residents at high altitude to hyposic environment.It may be suggested that appropriate use of adrenocorticosteroids may be of some clinical value in the prevention and treatment of some altitude-induced diseases.

The surface facial imagings have many applications in medical fields. The recent past has seen great advances in three dimensional imaging which include laser scanning or stereophotogrammetry. Here, we reviewed various systems with reference to image acquisition, advantages and disadvantages. Examples of important clinical application with reference to the human face are also discussed. Finally, a 3D imaging system at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) is described.

Context: Rehabilitation Medicine is dedicated to optimise patients function and health in the most comprehensive manner. ICF, the latest International Classification by World Health Organization (WHO) is a conceptual framework for the assessment of functioning, disability and health. The purpose of this paper is to describe the applications of ICF in Rehabilitation Medicine practice in the Medical Rehabilitation Unit, University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur. Issues: ICF consists of body function, structure, activity, participation and environmental factor. ICF categories are exhaustive, but are not practical to be used entirely and not applicable in clinical practice on their own. How is ICF used from the clinical perspective? It has to be adapted to make it usable. In Rehabilitation Medicine settings, the following are ways ICF is applied in clinical practice: research in terms of validating the use of available ICF Core Sets and development of new ICF Core Set; clinical practice based on the ICF-based sheet; and educational tools. Conclusion: The practice of Rehabilitation Medicine is in line and compatible with the concept of ICF and can serve as a new important language that can improve the practice of Rehabilitation Medicine. It can be a universal language in functioning, disability and health and can improve understanding in addressing issues on disability within the medical community, improve multi professionals’ communication among patients, healthcare providers and stakeholders.

Ambiguous genitalia, currently defined as disorders of sex development (DSD), are not uncommon in the Muslim community. DSD constitute a complex, major social and medical emergency, as several forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia can lead to significant salt loss, which may lead to shock if unrecognised and not appropriately treated. To ensure that the affected individual has a high quality of life (a successful outcome), medical practitioners must quickly and correctly assign the individual’s gender and effectively assuage the family’s concerns and anxieties. It is important to review and understand the embryology and physiology of sexual differentiation, and to understand the various aetiological causes of sexual ambiguity. In this review, the diagnostic approach and management of ambiguous genitalia is thoroughly discussed from an Islamic point of view.

Acupuncture is one of the oldest and most commonly used complementary medical procedures in the World. Although it is not free from side effects, its use is becoming increasingly popular. The aims of this study were to describe the demographic characteristics of acupuncture users in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and their knowledge, attitude and experience regarding acupuncture, as well as to determine the common complaints for which patients seek help from acupuncture centers. A cross sectional study, which targeted patients who attended acupuncture centers in Riyadh city during the study’s period. Most of the study participants were 21-40 years of age and about two third of them were males. The most common complaints that lead to acupuncture visits were joint pain (22.4%) and headache (18.6%). Dissatisfaction with medical treatment and side effects of medications were the major reasons, which led patients to seek cure from acupuncture therapy. About 65% of the patients heard of acupuncture from their families and friends. Pain sensation from needle puncture was the most noticed side effect (15.8%). Twenty-two patients completed treatment during the study period and out of those, twenty one patients claimed that they were successfully treated. The practice of acupuncture in Saudi Arabia is not well established. Pain seems to be the most common symptom that guides patients to attend acupuncture centers. There is need for education related to the appropriate use of acupuncture in Saudi Arabia. (JUMMEC 2010; 13(2): 93-101)
Acupuncture

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of lead on concentration and motility of spermatozoa recovered from epididymis and testes in mature male offspring whose mothers were exposed to different doses and concentrations of lead acetate during gestation period. Materials and Methods: Seventy two healthy mature female mice were divided into three major groups according to the number of injections involving 1, 2 and 3 injections. Each major group was subdivided into four minor groups according to the concentration dose of (0, 25, 50 and 100) mg/Kg of lead acetate. Sperm concentration, percentage of motility and grade of activity were microscopically examined and statistically analyzed. Results: A significant reduction in the sperm functions were seen in relation to an increased in the number of injections and/or concentration of lead acetate dose as compared with the control groups. Conclusion: The toxic effects of lead acetate may interfere with spermatogenesis and metabolism of spermatozoa.

In the present study, natural coral of porites species was used as scaffold combined with in vitro expanded bone marrow stem cell derived osteoblasts (BMSC-DO), to develop a tissue-engineered bone graft in a rat model. Coral was molded into the shape of rat mandible seeded with 5x10(6) /ml BMSC-DO subsequently implanted subcutaneously in the back of 5 week Sprague dawely rats for 3 months. Coral alone was implanted as a control. The implants were harvest and processed for gross inspection and histological observations. The results showed that newly bone grafts were successfully formed coral seeded with cells group showed smooth highly vascularized like bone tissue. Histological sections revealed mature bone formation and lots of blood vessel, the bone formation occurred in the manner resemble intramembraneous bone formation. This study demonstrates that coral can be use as a suitable scaffold material for delivering bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering.
*Anthozoa ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bone Marrow Cells/*cytology ; *Bone Transplantation ; *Calcium Carbonate ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/*cytology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Organ Culture Techniques/*methods ; Osteoblasts/*cytology ; Tissue Engineering/*methods