Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte (PMN) is an important member of the human immune cells. Recentyears, the recognition of the PMN function and the relationship between PMN and periodontitis have been updated. Besidesthe pathogens killing and phagocytosis, PMN also play an important role in immunoregulation and proresolving. The maintaining of PMN homeostasis is an intricate process and the precondition of defense function, which involves activation, adhesion, recruitment, apoptosis and efferocytosis. The regulatory mechanism of PMN homeostasis called neutrophil rheostat, it works through several cytokines and cells. Any factors that break the homeostasis will result in the damage of host immunity,and may relate to the occurrence of periodontitis. Moreover, PMN dysfunction, because of host factors or microorganism factors, is closely related to periodontitis, especially those associated with systemic diseases and gene defect.
Cytokines ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Neutrophils ; Periodontitis ; Phagocytosis

Objective To investigate effects of intrathecal methotrexate on mechanical allodynia in rats with tibial bone cancer pain.Methods Forty-eight female SD rats weighing 150-180 g were randomly divided into 6 groups ( n =8 each):group Ⅰ sham operation + artificial cerebrospinal fluid(SA group),group Ⅱ sham operation + methotrexate 200 μg(SM group),group Ⅲ bone cancer pain + artificial cerebrospinal fluid(CA group),group Ⅳ-Ⅵ bone cancer pain + different doses of methotrexate (CM1-3 groups).The model of tibial bone cancer pain was induced by injecting Walker-256 cell into the tibial marrow cavity.CA and CM1-3 groups were intrathecal injected artificial cerebrospinal fluid,methotrexate 50,100 and 200 μg.SA and SM200 groups were intrathecal injected artificial cerebrospinal fluid and methotrexate 200 μg.The mechanical withdrawl threshold (MWT) was measured at day 1 before Walker-256 injection (baseline),7 day after injection (T0 ) and 2,4,8,24 hour and 1,3,5,7 days after intrathecal injection ( T1-8 ).Results Compered with the baseline,MWT was decrease in CA and CM1-s groups.Competed with To,MWT was decreased at T5-8 in CA group,MWT was increased at T3-5 in CM1 group,at T2-6 in CM2 group and at T2-7 in CM3 groups.MWT was decrease in CA and CM1-3 groups as compered with SA group; MWT was increased at T4-7 in CM1 group and at T3-7 in CM2 and CM3 groups.Conclusion Intrathecal injection of methotrexate can reduce tibial bone cancer pain in rats.

Objective To investigate the role of chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) in the spinal cord in tibia bone cancer pain (BCP) in rats.Methods Forty adult female SD rats weighing 160-180 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=8 each):sham operation group (group Ⅰ ); sham operation + CCL21 neutralizing antibody group (groupⅡ); BCP group (group [); BCP + PBS group (group Ⅳ); BCP + control IgG group (groupⅤ)and BCP + CCL21 neutralizing antibody group (group Ⅵ).BCP was induced by inoculating Walker-256 mammary gland carcinoma cells into the rat tibia medullary cavity in groups Ⅲ-Ⅵ.PBS 15 μl,IgG 10 μg and CCL21 neutralizing antibody 10 μg were injected intrathecally (IT) at 14 days after intra-tibial injection of Walker-256 mammary gland cancer cells in groups Ⅳ- Ⅵ respectively.Mechanical withdrawal threshold to yon Frey filament stimulation (MWT) was measured at 1 day before (To,baseline) ; 7 and 14 d after Walker-256 cell injection (T1,T2)and at 0.5,1,2,4,8,12,24 and 48 h after intrathecal injection (T3-10 ).Results Intra-tibial injection of Walker-256 mammary gland cancer cells significantly decreased MWT as compared with the baseline values in administration of CCL21 neutralizing antibody at T5-8 as compared with MWT before intrathecal administration at T2 in group Ⅵ.MWT was significantly lower in groups Ⅲ- Ⅳ than in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ.MWT was significantly higher at T5-8 in group Ⅵ than in groups Ⅲ - Ⅴ.Conclu]sion CCL21 in the spinal cord is involved in the maintenance of tibia BCP in rats.

Objective To study the expression of multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1) and MRP2 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with intractable epilepsy (IE).Methods During Nov.2010 to Oct.2013,50 children with I E were collected as the experimental group,simultaneously 50 children with epilepsy controlled by the anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and 50 healthy children without epilepsy were collected as the control group from the outpatient or inpatient of Xuzhou Children's Hospital.The expressions of MRP1 and MRP2 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.Results 1.The mean relative expression of MRP1 and MRP2 mRNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with IE (0.795 ± 0.042,0.804 ± 0.023) were higher than those in epilepsy controlled by AEDs (0.682 ± 0.030,0.675 ± 0.021) and healthy children without epilepsy (0.665 ± 0.031,0.654 ± 0.029) (all P ＜0.001).2.The mean relative expression of MRP1 and MRP2 protein in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with IE (2.027 ±0.034,1.902 ±0.021) were higher than those in epilepsy controlled by AEDs(1.131 ±0.042,1.086 ± 0.027) and healthy children without epilepsy (1.093 ± 0.023,1.045 ± 0.018) (all P ＜ 0.001).3.There was no difference in the expression of MRP1,MRP2 mRNA and proteins between the children with epilepsy controlled by AEDs and healthy children without epilepsy (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions MRP1 and MRP2 over-expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with IE may be associated with drug-resistance mechanism for medically intractable epilepsy.

Objective To investigate the role of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in the spinal cord expression in a rat model of tibia bone cancer pain.Methods Eighty-four female SD rats weighing 160-180 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n =28):control group (group C),sham operation group (group S) and tibia bone cancer pain group (group P).Tibia bone cancer pain was induced by intra-tibial inoculation of Walker-256 breast cancer cells.Paw withdral threshold to mechanical stimulation (MWT) was measured with von Frey filaments at 1 d before and at 1,3,7,10,14 and 21 d after inoculation.Six rats in each group were sacrificed after the measurement of MWT at 1 d before inoculation and at 7,14 and 21 d after inoculation.Lumbar 4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of CCL2 by ELISA.The coexpression of CCL2 with Iba-1 (a specific marker of microglia),GFAP(a specific marker of astrocyte) and NeuN (a specific marker of neuron) was determined by double immunofluorescence assay after the measurement of MWT at 14 d after inoculation in group P.Results Compared with groups C and S,MWT was significantly decreased from 7 d to 21 d after inoculation,the expressive of CCI-2 in the spinal cord up-regulated at 7,14 and 21 d after inoculation in group P ( P ＜ 0.05).CCL2 was expressed in the microglia and astrocyte but not in neuron in the spinal cord dorsal horn in a rat model of tibia bone cancer pain.Conclusion Release of CCL2 from microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord was involved in mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of tibia bone cancer pain.

Objective To construct an evaluation index system of ward management,which can evaluate the efficiency of ward management fairly, and make the ward management more scientific and standardized.Methods Delphi method was used in semi-structured interview of 31 experts and 74 experts were subject to questionnaire consultation, so as to establish the index system.Results The index system of ward management so built consisted of three level-1 indexes of safety and quality, teamwork and patient satisfaction, six level-2 indexes of daily monitoring, service environment, adverse events, doctor-nurse cooperation, evaluation of administrators and patient satisfaction, and 25 level-3 indexes.Practice of this system in the past two years reduced adverse events and elevated quality of care.Conclusions This system as used clinically proves its operability and objectivity.

OBJECTIVETo demonstrate the effects and mechanisms of Qifu decoction( QFD) on renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) in model rats with yang-deficiency syndrome.

METHODThe rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, the Sham group (Group A), the Model group (Group B), the Qifu decoction group (Group C) and the Enalapril group (Group D). The RIF model was established by adenine administrated and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) of the left ureter. After the model was successfully established, the rats in Group C and D were administrated with QFD or the Enalapril suspension,while the rats in Group A and B were administrated with distilled water. All rats were administrated for 3 weeks. Before administration and at the end of week 1, 2 and 3, the rats were weighted, and 24 h urinary protein excretion (Upro), urinary β2-microglobulin (Uβ2-MG) and urinary N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were examined, respectively. All rats were killed after administration for 3 weeks. Blood and renal tissues were collected, renal morphology and tubulointerstitial morphology were evaluated, respectively. Serum cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr) and uric acid (UA) were detected, respectively. The protein expressions of E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), onnective tissue growth factor (CTGF) extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2(ERK1/2) and phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in kidney were evaluated, respectively.

RESULTQFD ameliorated serum cAMP level and the rate of cAMP/cGMP, attenuated urinary β2-MG level, NAG level and renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, increased E-cadherin protein expression, and reduced α-SMA, TGF-β1, CTGF and p-ERK1/2 protein expressions in the kidney. However, QFD had no influence on renal function in vivo. In addition, these effects were better than those of the model rats treated by Enalapril.

CONCLUSIONQFD could alleviate yang-deficiency parameters, as well as urinary β2-MG level and NAG level in model rats induced by adenine administration and UUO. Moreover, QFD could improve EMT and RIF by up-regulating E-cadherin protein expression, and down-regulating α-SMA, TGF-β1, CTGF and p-ERK1/2 protein expressions, the key molecular in ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Fibrosis ; Kidney ; drug effects ; pathology ; Kidney Diseases ; drug therapy ; pathology ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; drug effects ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ureteral Obstruction ; complications ; Yang Deficiency ; complications

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of gabapentin on mechanical allodynia in rats with tibial bone cancer pain (BCP).MethodsForty-two female SD rats were randomized into 7 groups ( n=6):naive group (group N ),sham operation + NS control group (group SN),sham operation + GBP200mg/( kg · d) group (group SG200),BCP + NS control group (group BN),BCP + GBP50mg/( kg · d) group ( group BGS0),BCP +GBP100mg/(kg · d) group (group BG100),and BCP + GBP200mg/(kg · d) group (group BG200).The rats in group N,SN and BN received 5 ml normal saline and the rats in group SG200,BG50,BG100 and BG200 received 200,50,100 and 200 mg/( kg · d) dose of GBP via feeding from day 7 to 13 after operation,respectively.Mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT) of the right paw and behavioral assays for ambulatory pain were measured just before operation and on days 1,3,5,7,8,10,12 and 14 after operation.ResultsMWT( (3.78 ± 0.38)g) in rats with BCP decreased and behavioral assays for ambulatory pain (0.76 ± 0.44) increased on day 7 after operation,as compared with those in group N ( ( 14.50 ± 1.38 ) g,(0.00 ± 0.00 ) ) and group sham ( ( 10.21 ± 0.88 ) g,( 0.00 ±0.00) ) (P ＜ 0.05 ).There was no apparent praxiological difference between group SN and group SG200 in a week of continuous application of gabapentin(P＞ 0.05 ).Compared with those in group BN,there was no change on MWT in group BG50 (P ＞ 0.05 ),and however,behavioral assays for ambulatory pain decreased (P ＜ 0.05 ).MWT in group BG100( (5.35 ±0.85)g) and BG200( (5.71 ±0.72) g) increased in day 10 after operation,as compared with those in group BN ( ( 2.61 ± 0.40) g) and group BG50 ( ( 3.28 ± 1.15 ) g) (P ＜ 0.05 ),and the difference was still statistically significant until day 14 (P ＜ 0.05 ).Behavioral assays for ambulatory pain in group BG100 and BG200 decreased from day 8 after operation,as compared with those in group BN and group BG50 (P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionGabapentin,in medium to large dosage,can inhibit pain reaction of rats with bone cancer pain.Nevertheless,with the development of cancer,the effect of gabapentin decreases.

Objective To evaluate the effects of intrathecal methotrexate on the activation of microglia in spinal cord in a rat model of tibial cancer pain (TCP).Methods Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 5-7 weeks,weighing 150-180 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =10 each):sham operation + artificial cerebrospinal fluid (group SA),TCP + artificial cerebrospinal fluid (group CA),and TCP + methotrexate (group CM).TCP was induced by injecting Walker-256 cancer cells into the medullary cavity of tibia.Artificial cerebrospinal fluid or methotrexate 100μg (15μl) was injected intrathecally over 10 min on 7th day after TCP.Mechanical pain threshold (MPT) was measured before TCP,at 1,3,5 and 7 days after TCP and 2,4,8 and 24 h after administration (T0-8).The rats were sacrificed after measurement of the pain threshold at T8 and the spinal cord was isolated for detection of the activation of microglia (by immunofluorescence) and content of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β (by ELISA).Results Compared with group SA,MPT was significantly decreased,and the number of activated microglia cells in the spinal cord was increased,and the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β were increased in groups CA and CM (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group CA,MPT was significantly increased,and the number of activated microglia cells in the spinal cord was decreased,and the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β were decreased in group CM (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which intrathecal methotrexate reduces TCP in rats is related to inhibition of the activation of microglia and reduction of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in the spinal cord.

Objective To explore the composition and distribution law of TCM syndromes in gastric cancer. Methods Based on the multicenter and large-sample clinical epidemiological investigation, the four methods of diagnosis of and clinical materials of 767 cases of gastric cancer were collected, and the database of TCM syndromes in gastric cancer was establish. Factor analysis and clustering analysis were used to explore composition and distribution law of TCM syndromes in gastric cancer. Results Gastric cancer symptoms mainly included fatigue, weight loss, dizziness and other non-specific systemic manifestation, and epigastria discomfort, belching, fullness or eating just a little swelling, pain, acid regurgitation, loss of appetite and other local manifestations. At the same time, the red tongue, moss greasy, pulse fine or string and other traditional Chinese medicine signs were also included. Eliminating 92 cases with too little symptoms, 675 cases were under multivariate analyzed. 25 syndrome variables were selected after initial factor analysis, again through factor analysis 10 factors with eigenvalues more than 1.0 were obtained and the cumulative contribution rate was 60.5%. Through further K-means clustering analysis on 10 common factor integrals, it was found that when all the cases were clustered into 7 classes consistent with clinical practice most. The numbers of patients with the 1-7 type were 165, 82, 90, 79, 88, 95 and 76, respectively. Analysis on the main factors in the combination of professional knowledge, the 7 types were named as the syndrome of spleen and stomach qi stagnation (24.44%), the syndrome of qi and blood deficiency (12.15%), the syndrome of spleen deficiency (13.33%), the syndrome of blood stasis (11.70%), the syndrome of phlegm dampness (13.04%), the syndrome of deficiency cold of spleen and stomach (14.07%), the syndrome of incoordination between liver/gallbladder and stomach (11.41%) respectively. Conclusion The results of multivariate analysis suggests that the location of gastric cancer is in the stomach, and closely related to spleen, liver and gallbladder. The general pathogenesis is asthenia in origin and asthenia in superficiality. The deficiency lies in qi, blood and yang qi, while asthenia superficiality owes to stagnation of qi, phlegm and blood stasis.